Christians, Roman Catholic
Ideology | Active
1054 CE to 2057 CE
The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with more than 1.16 billion members worldwide.
It is among the oldest religious institutions in the world and has played a prominent role in the history of Western civilization.
The Catholic hierarchy is headed by the Pope, the Bishop of Rome.
The Church teaches that it is the one true Church founded by Jesus Christ, that its bishops are the successors of Christ's apostles and that the Pope is the sole successor to Saint Peter who has apostolic primacy.
The Church maintains that the doctrine on faith and morals that it presents as definitive is infallible.
There are a variety of doctrinal and theological emphases within the Catholic Church, including the Eastern Catholic Churches and religious communities such as the Jesuits, the Franciscans and the Dominicans.The Catholic Church is Trinitarian and defines its mission as spreading the Gospel of Jesus Christ, administering the sacraments and exercising charity.
Catholic worship is highly liturgical, focusing on the Mass or Divine Liturgy during which the sacrament of the Eucharist is celebrated.
The Church teaches that bread and wine used during the Mass become the body and blood of Christ through transubstantiation.
The Catholic Church practices closed communion and only baptized members of the Church in a state of grace are ordinarily permitted to receive the Eucharist.
Catholic social teaching emphasizes support for the sick, the poor and the afflicted through the corporal works of mercy.
The Catholic Church is the largest non-government provider of education and medical services in the world.
Catholic spiritual teaching emphasizes the spread of the Gospel message and growth in spiritual discipline through the spiritual works of mercy.The Church holds the Blessed Virgin Mary, as mother of Jesus Christ, in special regard and has defined four specific Marian dogmatic teachings, namely her Immaculate Conception without original sin, her status as the Mother of God, her perpetual virginity and her bodily Assumption into Heaven at the end of her earthly life.
Numerous Marian devotions are also practiced.
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James Douglas has obtained a papal dispensation to marry his brother's widow, Margaret Douglas, Fair Maid of Galloway, in order to keep the family estates together. (It is not entirely clear that this marriage ever took place, but it was certainly planned.)
He is involved in intrigues with the English court, and in 1455 rebels against James II once more, seizing Inverness.
Meanwhile another branch of the Douglas family, known as the Red Douglases, has risen into importance, and George Douglas, 4th Earl of Angus, great-grandson of the first earl of Douglas, takes sides with the king against the Earl of Douglas.
Douglas, again deserted by his chief allies, flees to England, and his three younger brothers, Hugh Douglas, Earl of Ormonde, Archibald Douglas, Earl of Moray, and John Douglas, Lord of Balvenie, are defeated on May 12 at the Battle of Arkinholm, near Langholm on the Esk, possibly by Angus.
Moray is killed, Ormonde taken prisoner and executed, and Balvenie escapes to England.
Their last stronghold, Threave Castle in Galloway, falls.
James Douglas is attainted in 1455, and his lands and estates are forfeit to the crown.
The lands of the Douglases are divided among their rivals, the lordship of Douglas falling to the Red Douglas 4th earl of Angus.