Jalalabad Nangarhar Afghanistan

The Bimaran casket, the earliest surviving Indian jewel of importance, executed between about 100 BCE to 100 CE, is a superb example of repoussé work set with rubies.

A small gold reliquary for Buddhist relics, it was found by the archaeologist Charles Masson during his work in Afghanistan between 1833 and 1838 inside the stupa no.

2 at Bimaran, near Jalalabad in eastern Afghanistan.

The casket contained coins of the Indo-Scythian king Azes II, though recent research by Senior indicates Azes II never existed, and finds attributed to his reign probably should be reassigned to Azes I.

It is also sometimes dated to a slightly posterior date of 50 CE, based on a redeposition theory, and sometimes much later (second century CE), based on artistic assumptions.

The casket features Hellenistic representations of the Buddha (contrapposto pose, Greek himation, bundled hairstyle, realistic execution), surrounded by the Indian deities Brahma and Śakra, inside arches niches (called "homme arcade", or caitya) of Greco-Roman architecture.

There are altogether eight figures in high-relief (two identical groups of Brahman-Buddha-Indra, and two devotees in-between) and two rows of rubies from Badakhshan.

The casket is very small, with a height of seven centimeter (two and three-quarter inches), and is probably Indo-Greek work.

It is considered as a masterpiece of the Greco-Buddhist art of Gandhara.

Xuanzang pushes on to Adinapur (later named Jalalabad) and …

...Jalalabad also fall to Dost Mohammad.

Jalalabad is no more than a wide place in the road with a fort, held by about two thousand troops under General Sir Robert Sale.

After the massacre of the British force during their retreat from Kabul in January 1842, Jalalabad had been surrounded by Afghan forces, which have  launched a series of attacks on the force.

The British have managed to beat off the assaults, and had even captured three hundred sheep from the besieging force when rations ran short.

Eventually, after five months under siege, Sale mounts an attack against the Afghan forces on April 13, captures their main camp, baggage, stores, guns, and horses and the Afghans flee to Kabul.

Wazir Akbar Khan, son of Dost Mohammed Khan, had captured Bala Hissar in Kabul in 1842 and become the new emir of Afghanistan.

He dies in Jalalabad in 1845; his father, Dost Mohammad Khan, succeeds him.