Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis

Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis KG (31 December 1738 – 5 October 1805), styled Viscount Brome between 1753 and 1762 and known as The Earl Cornwallis between 1762 and 1792, is a British Army officer and colonial administrator.

In the United States and the United Kingdom he is best remembered as one of the leading British generals in the American War of Independence.

His surrender in 1781 to a combined American and French force at the Siege of Yorktown ends significant hostilities in North America.

He also serves as a civil and military governor in Ireland and India; in both places he brings about significant changes, including the Act of Union in Ireland and the Cornwallis Code, including the Permanent Settlement, in India.

Born into an aristocratic family and educated at Eton and Cambridge, Cornwallis joins the army in 1757, seeing action in the Seven Years' War.

Upon his father's death in 1762 he becomes Earl Cornwallis and enters the House of Lords.

Promoted to colonel in 1766, he next sees military action in 1776 in the American War of Independence.

Active in the advance forces of many campaigns, in 1780 he inflicts an embarrassing defeat on the American army at the Battle of Camden, though he surrenders his army at Yorktown in October 1781 after an extended campaign through the Southern states which is marked by disagreements between him and his superior, General Sir Henry Clinton, which become public knowledge after the war.

Despite this defeat, Cornwallis retains the confidence of successive British governments and continues to enjoy an active career.

Knighted in 1786, he is in this year appointed to be Governor General and commander-in-chief in India.

There he enacts numerous significant reforms within the East India Company and its territories, including the Cornwallis Code, part of which implements important land taxation reforms known as the Permanent Settlement.

From 1789 to 1792 he leads British and Company forces in the Third Anglo-Mysore War to defeat the Mysorean ruler Tipu Sultan.

Returning to England in 1794, Cornwallis is given the post of Master-General of the Ordnance.

In 1798, he is appointed Lord Lieutenant and Commander-in-chief of Ireland, where he oversees the response to the 1798 Irish Rebellion, including a French invasion of Ireland, and is instrumental in bringing about the Union of Great Britain and Ireland.

Following his Irish service, Cornwallis is the chief British signatory to the 1802 Treaty of Amiens, and is reappointed to India in 1805.

He dies in India not long after his arrival.

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