Darfur, War in

The War in Darfur, also nicknamed the Land Cruiser War, is a major armed conflict in the Darfur region of Sudan that begins in February 2003 when the Sudan Liberation Movement (SLM) and the Justice and Equality Movement (JEM) rebel groups begin fighting the government of Sudan, which they accuse of oppressing Darfur's non-Arab population.

The government responds to attacks by carrying out a campaign of ethnic cleansing against Darfur's non-Arabs.

This results in the death of hundreds of thousands of civilians and the indictment of Sudan's president, Omar al-Bashir, for genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity by the International Criminal Court.

One side of the conflict is mainly composed of the Sudanese military, police and the Janjaweed, a Sudanese militia group whose members are mostly recruited among Arabized indigenous Africans and a small number of Bedouin of the northern Rizeigat; the majority of other Arab groups in Darfur remain uninvolved.

The other side is made up of rebel groups, notably the SLM/A and the JEM, recruited primarily from the non-Arab Muslim Fur, Zaghawa, and Masalit ethnic groups.

The African Union and the United Nations also have a joint peacekeeping mission in the region, named UNAMID.

Although the Sudanese government publicly denies that it supports the Janjaweed, evidence will support claims that it provided financial assistance and weapons and coordinated joint attacks, many against civilians.

Estimates of the number of human casualties range up to several hundred thousand dead, from either combat or starvation and disease.

Mass displacements and coercive migrations force millions into refugee camps or across the border, creating a humanitarian crisis.

Former US Secretary of State Colin Powell describes the situation as a genocide or acts of genocide.

The Sudanese government and the JEM sign a ceasefire agreement in February 2010, with a tentative agreement to pursue peace.

The JEM has the most to gain from the talks and can see semi-autonomy much like South Sudan.

However, talks are disrupted by accusations that the Sudanese army had launched raids and air strikes against a village, violating the Tolu agreement.

The JEM, the largest rebel group in Darfur, vows to boycott negotiations.

The August 2019 Draft Constitutional Declaration, signed by military and civilian representatives during the Sudanese Revolution, requires that a peace process leading to a peace agreement be made in Darfur and other regions of armed conflict in Sudan within the first six months of the thirty-nine-month transition period to democratic civilian government.

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