The so-called anomoeans had succeeded in having their views endorsed at Sirmium in 357, but their extremism has stimulated the moderates, who assert that the Son was “of similar substance” (homoiousios) with the Father.

Constantius had at first supported these homoiousians but soon transferred his support to the homoeans, led by Acacius, who affirm that the Son was “like” (homoios) the Father.

Their views are approved in 360 at the Council of Constantinople (attended by Ulfilas), where all previous creeds are rejected, the term ousia (“substance,” or “stuff”) is repudiated as too risky, and a statement of faith is issued stating that the Son was “like the Father who begot him.”

Books begin to replace scrolls around 360.