Captain William Bligh, having gained the reputation of being a firm disciplinarian, was accordingly offered the position of Governor of New South Wales by Sir Joseph Banks and appointed in March 1805, at two thousand pounds per annum, twice the pay of the retiring Governor Philip Gidley King.

He arrives in Sydney on August 6, 1806, to replace King, who has had no more success than his predecessors in wresting control of the rum traffic from the NSW Corps.

War between Russia and the Ottoman Empire breaks out in 1805–1806 against the background of the Napoleonic Wars.

In 1806, Sultan Selim III, encouraged by the Russian defeat at Austerlitz and advised by the French Empire, deposes the pro-Russian Constantine Ypsilanti as Hospodar of the Principality of Wallachia and Alexander Mourousis as Hospodar of Moldavia, both Ottoman vassal states, for inciting revolts in the two principalities.

Simultaneously, the French Empire occupies Dalmatia and threatens to penetrate the Danubian principalities at any time.

In order to safeguard the Russian border against a possible French attack, a forty thousand-strong Russian contingent advances into Moldavia and Wallachia.

The French ambassador to the Porte (Ottoman government) urges the sultan to declare war on Russia; the Porte obliges, blocking the Dardanelles to Russian ships.

Exiled Bulgarian cleric and writer Sofronii Vrachanski, a firm believer in Russia's messianic role as the protector of Balkan Christendom, offers the help of the entire Bulgarian people to Russian armies fighting the Turks and moving toward Bulgarian territory in 1806.

The Serbs gain a powerful ally when Russia goes to war with Turkey in 1806, but the Russians offer only a token force.

The forces of Russia’s Tsar Alexander reoccupy the principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia in 1806, and the Romanian peasants are subjected to forced requisitions, heavy labor obligations, and real threats of exile to Siberia.

As a result, the Romanians, who once had looked to the tsar for liberation, develop an abiding mistrust of the Russians that will deepen in the next century.

The Russians begin their conquest of Azerbaijan in 1806.

Jenner is granted another twenty thousand pounds for his continuing work in microbiology in 1806.

His continuing work on vaccination had prevented his continuing his ordinary medical practice.

He has been supported by his colleagues and the King in petitioning Parliament and had earlier been granted ten thousand pounds for his work on vaccination.

Edward Jenner had continued his research on the smallpox vaccine and reported it to the Royal Society, which did not publish the initial paper.

After revisions and further investigations, he published his findings on the twenty-three cases.

Some of his conclusions are correct, some erroneous; modern microbiological and microscopic methods will make his studies easier to reproduce.

The medical establishment, cautious then as now, deliberates at length over his findings before accepting them.

Eventually, vaccination is accepted, and in 1840 the British government will ban variolation—the use of smallpox—and provide vaccination—using cowpox—free of charge.

The success of his discovery had soon spread around Europe and for example was used en masse in the Spanish Balmis Expedition, a three year long mission to the Americas, Philippines, Macao, China, and Saint Helena Island led by Dr. Francisco Javier de Balmis with the aim of giving thousands the smallpox vaccine.

The expedition is successful, and Jenner writes, "I don’t imagine the annals of history furnish an example of philanthropy so noble, so extensive as this."

Jenner had become a member of the Medical and Chirurgical Society on its founding in 1805 and presented a number of papers there.

The society is now the Royal Society of Medicine.

In 1806, Jenner is elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.