The Middle East: 196–207 CE

Roman-Parthian Conflict and the Sack of Ctesiphon

Another major chapter in the ongoing Roman-Parthian Wars begins in 195 CE with Emperor Septimius Severus launching a substantial invasion into Mesopotamia, aiming to secure Rome's eastern frontier and weaken Parthian influence. Severus quickly advances, capturing the strategically vital cities of Seleucia and Babylon. In 197 CE, Roman forces decisively sack the Parthian capital of Ctesiphon, marking yet another devastating blow to Parthian prestige and power.

The ensuing warfare allows Rome to annex significant territory in northern Mesopotamia, securing control over critical cities such as Nisibis and Singara. However, this expansion proves temporary. In 202 CE, peace negotiations lead to a Roman withdrawal from most territories deep within Mesopotamia, enabling the Parthians to regain effective control over their previously held lands.

Despite the eventual restoration of Parthian authority, these conflicts severely weaken the already fragile Parthian Empire, exacerbating internal divisions and setting the stage f