The Azilian is a name given by archaeologists to an industry of the Epipaleolithic in northern Spain and southern France.It probably dates to the period of the Allerød Oscillation around 10,000 years ago (10,000 BCE uncalibrated) and follows the Magdalenian culture.

Archaeologists think the Azilian represents the tail end of the Magdalenian as the warming climate brings about changes in human behavior in the area.

The effects of melting ice sheets would have diminished the food supply and probably impoverished the previously well-fed Magdalenian manufacturers.

As a result, Azilian tools and art are cruder and less expansive than their Ice Age predecessors - or simply different.Diagnostic artifacts from the culture include Azilian points (microliths with rounded retouched backs), crude flat bone harpoons and pebbles with abstract decoration.

The latter were first found in the River Arize at the type-site for the culture, Le Mas-d'Azil in the French Pyrenees.

One hundred and forty-five are known from the Swiss site of Birsmatten-Eremitage.

Compared with the late Magdelanian, the number of microliths increases.

The Azilian coexists with similar early Mesolithic European cultures such as the Tjongerian of Northern and the Swiderian of North-Eastern Europe, the Sauveterrian and, its successor, the Tardenoisian in parts of France, Belgium and Switzerland, the Maglemosian in Denmark and Eastern Britain.

In its late phase, it experiences strong influences from neighboring Tardenoisian, reflected in the presence of many geometrical microliths persisting until the arrival of the Neolithic, that in some western areas is only adopted very late, almost in the Chalcolithic era.