Bessarabia Oblast is an oblast (1812–1871) and later a guberniya (Guberniya of Bessarabia, 1871–1917) in the Russian Empire.

It includes the eastern part of the Principality of Moldavia along with the neighboring Ottoman-ruled territories annexed by Russia by the Treaty of Bucharest following the Russo-Turkish War, 1806-1812.

The Governorate is disbanded in 1917, with the establishment of Sfatul Ţării, a national assembly that proclaims the Moldavian Democratic Republic in December 1917

The latter unites with Romania in April 1918.

Around sixty-five percent of the territory of the former governorate belongs today to the Republic of Moldova (and the breakaway region of Transnistria), and around thirty-five pecent to Ukraine.