The Hanseatic cities of Bremen and ...

...Lübeck, and ..

...the states of Mecklenburg and ...

...Prussia, occupied by French forces, also grant equality to the Jews in 1811-12. (In Berlin, fifty out of the four hundred and five Jewish families in the city had converted between 1892 and 1810).

However, ...

...Bavaria, ...

...Austria, and ...

...Saxony reject any change and retain their ghettos.

Olbers' paradox, described by the German astronomer Heinrich Wilhelm Olbers and also known as the "dark night sky paradox", is the argument that the darkness of the night sky conflicts with the assumption of an infinite and eternal static universe.

The darkness of the night sky is one of the pieces of evidence for a dynamic universe, such as the Big Bang model.

In the hypothetical case that the universe is static, homogeneous at a large scale, and populated by an infinite number of stars, then any line of sight from Earth must end at the (very bright) surface of a star and hence the night sky should be completely illuminated and very bright.

This contradicts the observed darkness and non-uniformity of the night.

In several cities, members of the bourgeoisie, students, and even university professors are among the instigators of the Hep-Hep riots.

The riots sweep through other Bavarian towns and villages, then spread to Bamberg, ...