Fort Wayne Allen Indiana United States
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French missionaries first encounter the Miami in the mid-seventeenth century, noting many linguistic and cultural similarities between the Miami bands and the Illiniwek.
The Miami, thought by anthropologists to be one of the cultural descendants of the Mississippian culture, are characterized by maize-based agriculture (they seem also to have enjoyed hunting), chiefdom-level social organization, extensive regional trade networks, hierarchical settlement patterns, and other factors.
The name 'Miami' derives from the tribe's name for themselves in their own language, Myaamia (plural Myaamiaki).
(Some sources say that the Miami called themselves the Twightwee (also spelled Twatwa), an onomatopeic reference to their sacred bird, the crane.
However, "Twightwee" appears to in fact be a Delaware name for the Miamis, and some Miamis have stated that this was only a name used by other tribes for the Miamis, and not a name the Miamis used for themselves.
Another common usage was Mihtohseeniaki, "the people.")
La Salle, having reassembled a party for another major expedition, departs in 1682 from present-day Fort Wayne with eighteen Native Americans and canoes down the Mississippi River.
...establishing a trading post and fort at Kekionga, present day Fort Wayne, Indiana, in 1704.
Vincennes and the Miami develop a strong and enduring friendship.
On May 27, 1763, the commander is lured out of the fort by his Native mistress and shot dead by Miami Native Americans.
The nine-man garrison surrenders after the fort is surrounded.
The Federal government sends General Harmar on expeditions against Native Americans and remaining British in the Northwest Territory in 1790.
After a few initial military successes, his force of fifteen hundred militiamen is defeated in October by a tribal coalition led by Little Turtle, in an engagement known as the "Harmar's defeat", "Battle of the Maumee", Battle of Kekionga", or "Battle of the Miami Towns".
Later, Harmar returns with a somewhat larger force and engages the coalition, but fights to a draw.
Josiah Harmar, relieved of his command as a consequence of his defeat at the hands of Little Turtle and his warriors, is replaced in 1791 by Arthur St. Clair as the senior general of the United States Army.
Harmar is subsequently court-martialed, at his own request, on various charges of negligence, and exonerated.
St. Clair personally leads a punitive expedition involving two Regular Army regiments and some militia.
This force advances to the location of Miami settlements near the headwaters of the Wabash River, but on November 4 they are routed in battle by a tribal confederation led by Miami Chief Little Turtle and Shawnee chief Blue Jacket.
More than six hundred soldiers and scores of women and children are killed in the battle, which has since borne the name "St. Clair's Defeat, also known as the "Battle of the Wabash", the "Columbia Massacre," or the "Battle of a Thousand Slain".
It remains the greatest defeat of an US army by natives in history, with some six hundred and twenty-three American soldiers killed in action, contrasted with about fifty Native American dead.
After this debacle, St. Clair resigns from the army at the request of President Washington, but continues to serve as Governor of the Northwest Territory.
The Miami will later be gradually forced to give up more and more of their land and will eventually lose control of the settlement entirely.
The site will later becomes the city of Fort Wayne, Indiana.
The U.S. Senate will ratify the treaties on November 25.
Johnny Appleseed will leave an estate of over twelve hundred acres (four hundred and ninety hectares) of valuable nurseries to his sister.
He also owns four plots in Allen County, Indiana, including a nursery in Milan Township with fifteen thousand trees, and two plots in Mount Vernon, Ohio.
He bought the southwest quarter (one hundred and sixty acres) of section 26, Mohican Township, Ashland County, Ohio, but he did not record the deed and lost the property.
The financial panic of 1837 had taken a toll on his estate.
Trees bring only two or three cents each, as opposed to the "fippenny bit" (about six and a quarter cents) that he usually got.
Some of his land will be sold for taxes following his death, and litigation will use up much of the rest.
Different dates are listed for his death.
Harper's New Monthly Magazine of November 1871 was apparently incorrect in saying that he died in mid 1847, though this is taken by many as the primary source of information about John Chapman.
Multiple Indiana newspapers reported his death date as March 18, 1845.
The Goshen Democrat publishes a death notice for him in its March 27, 1845, edition, citing the day of death as March 18 of this year.
In the first full year of the school, about one hundred women are enrolled, paying $22.50 per year.
During this time, it is common for women to obtain an M.E.L. degree, the Mistress of English Literature.
"Study history, study history. In history lies all the secrets of statecraft."
— Winston Churchill, to James C. Humes, (1953-54)