Present Naqada, a town on the west bank of the Nile in the Egyptian governorate of Qena, that stands near the site of a necropolis from the prehistoric, pre-dynastic period around 4400-3000 BCE, has given its name to the widespread Naqada culture that exists at the time, here, and at other sites including …

Trade between Upper and Lower Egypt is attested by excavated objects.

A stone vase from the north has been found at el-Amra, and copper, which is not present in Egypt, is apparently imported from the Sinai, or perhaps from Nubia.

Obsidian and an extremely small amount of gold are both definitively imported from Nubia.

Trade with the oases is also likely.

Human migration to the Nile Valley is one result of an aridification event in the Sahara in around 3900 BCE.

New innovations in Egypt, such as the mudbrick buildings for which the Gerzean period is well known, attest to cultural continuity, although they do not reach nearly the widespread use for which they will be known in later times.

Additionally, oval and theriomorphic cosmetic pallets appear to be used in this period, although the execution is rudimentary and the relief artwork for which they will later be known is absent.