Many Greek states suffer bloody class struggles over money and land in the fourth century BCE.

During this conflict, the kings of Persia contribute large amounts of money to whichever side will provide the best advantage to Persian interests.

Sparta's tenure as head of the empire is shortened by a combination of poor leadership, wars with Persia and with Sparta's former allies, and social weakness at home.

Sparta suffers a drastic shortage of manpower, and society nears revolution because of the huge amounts of wealth falling into the hands of a few.

In the Corinthian War (395-387), fought against Sparta by a coalition of Athens (with help from Persia), Boeotia, Corinth, and Argos, Sparta scores two land victories over Athenian allied states but suffers a severe naval defeat at Cnidus by a combined Athenian and Persian fleet.

Dionysius reopens hostilities against Carthage in 393 BCE by leading a large Syracusan army against the Carthaginians in western Sicily.

Carthage, now the undisputed master of North Africa and Southern Iberia, renews hostilities against Syracuse in 393.

The brief war ends in 392 BCE with a treaty advantageous to Dionysius.

Syracuse gains control of most of Sicily and …

…of southern Italy's formerly Carthaginian-held regions of Calabria and …

…Apulia.

Dionysius resettles the Siculi in about 392 BCE at Tauromenium (Taormina), which takes its name from Monte Tauro.

Syracusan forces overwhelm the Carthaginians in 392 BCE, forcing Carthage to conclude a lopsided peace ending the brief Second Dionysius War.