The various Italian states are ruled by either the papacy, the Bourbons or the Habsburgs.

The first of the European revolutions of 1848 begins in Palermo as a popular insurrection.

Soon taking on overtones of Sicilian separatism, it spreads throughout the island and, eventually, the entire peninsula.

When the dust settles some twenty-two later, Italy has become a single nation united under a herditary monarch who is neither Bourbon or Habsburg, and the pope has imprisoned himself in his sole remaining enclave, the Vatican City.

Read on to see what happened.