In 247 BCE, Andragoras, the Seleucid governor (satrap) of Parthia ("roughly western Khurasan"[Bickerman, Elias J.

(1983), "The Seleucid Period", in Yarshater, Ehsan, Cambridge History of Iran, 3.1, London: Cambridge UP, pp.

3–20]) proclaimed independence from the Seleucids, when - following the death of Antiochus II - Ptolemy III seized control of the Seleucid capital at Antioch, and "so left the future of the Seleucid dynasty for a moment in question.

(Bivar, A.D.H.

(1983), "The Political History of Iran under the Arsacids", in Yarshater, Ehsan, Cambridge History of Iran, 3.1, London: Cambridge UP, pp.

21–99)