A second army of invasion, sent by…

Sayf al-Din Suri, on ascending the Ghurid throne in 1146, had divided the Ghurid kingdom among his brothers; Fakhr al-Din Masud received land near the Hari River; Baha al-Din Sam I received Ghur; Shihab al-Din Muhammad Kharnak received Madin; Shuja al-Din Ali received Jarmas; Ala al-Din Husayn received Wajiristan; and Qutb al-Din Muhammad received Warshad Warsh, where he builds the famous city of Firuzkuh.

However, Sayf later quarrels with his brother Qutb, who takes refuge in Ghazna, and is poisoned by the Ghaznavid sultan Bahram-Shah.

In order to avenge his brother, Sayf marches towards Ghazna in 1148, and scores a victory at the Battle of Ghazni while Bahram flees to Kurram.

The forces of Ghur, a hill state previously subordinate to the Ghaznavids, in 1148 under the Shansabanis dynasty rise up against their former overlords.

The situation for the Spanish Jews has deteriorated quickly under the the religiously intolerant Almohads, who present the Jewish community here with the grim alternative of submitting to Islam or leaving the city.

Bernard produces for Eugenius, who helps Bernard in his eloquent promotion of the disastrous Second Crusade, a treatise in 1148 on papal power in Christian society.

Count Ramon, turning against the Almoravid taifas of Valencia, …

…captures Tortosa and …

…Murcia.

A powerful Sicilian fleet had been built up under several admirals, or "emirs", of whom the greatest is George of Antioch, formerly in the service of the Muslim prince of Mahdia.

Mainly thanks to him, a series of conquests have been made on the African coast from 1135.

Taking advantage of internal strife and of a famine episode, George had captured Tripoli in 1146 and Cape Bona in 1148.

The Zirids, forced to abandon al-Qayrawan, hadve retreated to Mahdiyah, but their shattered state is not long able to survive the coastal attacks by Sicilian Normans and finally falls to them in 1148.

Sicilian Normans, after defeating the Zirids in 1148, occupy the independent city-state of Sfax, founded in 849 on the ruins of Taparura and Thaena.

(These North African conquests will be lost in the reign of Roger's successor William and will never form an integral part of the kingdom.)

The Death of Saint Malachy and His Role in Reforming the Irish Church (1148 CE)

Malachy of Armagh, one of the most significant reformers of the Irish Church, had spent his life restructuring its governance, enforcing clerical discipline, and introducing the Roman liturgy. His work brought Ireland closer to the mainstream practices of the Latin Church, aligning it more closely with Rome.

While on his second journey to Rome in 1148, Malachy fell ill upon reaching Clairvaux Abbey and died in the arms of Bernard of Clairvaux on November 2, 1148.

Malachy’s Church Reforms in Ireland

• He served as:

  • Abbot of Bangor, where he first implemented reforms.
  • Bishop of Connor, where he continued his efforts to restore discipline among the clergy.
  • Archbishop of Armagh, a position that allowed him to introduce sweeping changes to the Irish Church structure.

• His major achievements included:

  1. Reorganizing the Irish Church from tribal hierarchies into territorial dioceses, shifting power away from local clan-based abbots toward a more structured episcopal system.
  2. Establishing the Roman liturgy in Ireland, replacing the older Celtic Christian traditions that had persisted for centuries.
  3. Restoring discipline among the clergy, enforcing celibacy and reforming monastic life to conform more closely to continental European standards.

These changes, while controversial in some Irish circles, paved the way for full integration of the Irish Church into the Roman Catholic tradition.

Malachy’s Final Journey and Death at Clairvaux (1148 CE)

• In 1148, Malachy set out on his second pilgrimage to Rome, likely to seek palliums (symbols of archiepiscopal authority) for Ireland’s archbishops.
• He traveled through France, but upon reaching Clairvaux Abbey, he fell gravely ill.
• He died on November 2, 1148, in the arms of Bernard of Clairvaux, his close friend and admirer.

Canonization and Legacy

• Malachy was canonized by Pope Clement III in 1190, becoming Ireland’s first officially recognized saint.
• His reforms shaped the Irish Church for centuries, ensuring its integration into the wider Latin Christendom.
• His friendship with Bernard of Clairvaux strengthened Cistercian influence in Ireland, leading to the founding of Mellifont Abbey in 1142 and the expansion of Cistercian monasticism in the region.
• He is also remembered for the "Prophecy of the Popes", a medieval text falsely attributed to him, which claims to predict the succession of future popes.

Malachy’s devotion to reform, his close ties to the great Church leaders of his time, and his unwavering commitment to aligning the Irish Church with Rome ensured that his influence would endure well beyond his lifetime.