Abu Sa'id Mirza, on receiving intelligence of…

Queen Nguyễn Thị Anh, regent of Dai Viet, has over the past several years come into greater conflict with Imperial Councilor Trịnh Khả and the other oligarchs who rule the country.

The Queen has gained some support from the Confucian scholars who had passed the Imperial examinations and have tried to rule much like their Chinese colleges to the north rule in the Ming imperial system.

The nobles in turn have tried to limit the power of the scholars and maintain their own control over the government.

For reasons lost to history, the Queen had ordered Trịnh Khả and his eldest son executed in August 1451.

Two years later, upon the official enthronement of Lê Nhân Tông (at the age of twelve), Trịnh Khả had been pardoned and new lands had been given to the Trịnh family, which will continued to be a major noble family in Vietnam.

Prince Tu had been educated just like his half brother, the emperor, at the palace in Hanoi.

When his elder half brother, Nghi Dân, staged a coup in 1459 and killed the emperor, Prince Tu had been spared.

Nine months later, when the second counter-coup had been successfully carried out, the plotters ask Prince Tu to become the new emperor and he accepts, taking the throne as Lê Thánh Tông.

The cease-fire with Denmark is extended to four years in May 1459, then to twenty years.

Johannes von Baysen dies and his brother, Scibor, becomes the new governor of Prussia.

The Teutonic Knights raid Polish lands and achieve a few successes, notably Komtur Kaspar Nostitz of Konitz's capture of a Polish city in northern Greater Poland for a few months.

There are other attempts at mediation, such as by dukes of Bavaria and Austria, as well as by bishops from Livonia, but they are all refused by Poland.

Mehmed II had found the Great Palace of Constantinople largely in ruins after the Ottoman conquest in 1453.

The Ottoman court had initially set itself up in the Old Palace (Eski Sarayı), today the site of Istanbul University.

The Sultan now searches for a better location and chooses the old Byzantine acropolis, ordering the construction of a new palace in 1459.

It is originally called the New Palace (Yeni Sarayı) to distinguish it from the previous residence. (It will receive the name "Topkapı" in the nineteenth century, after a (now lost) Topkapı Gate and shore pavilion.)

Civil war in the Ottoman domains had saved Serbia in the early fifteenth century, but the Turks, in the decades since their 1389 victory at Kosovo Polje, have progressively reduced the sphere of the Serbian despotate to a small region south of the Danube with its capital at Smederjevo.

The Turks finally conquer this last Serbian stronghold in 1459 and subjugate the whole country.

Serbs flee to Hungary, Montenegro, Croatia, Dalmatia, and Bosnia, and some form outlaw bands.

In response to the activities of the latter, the Turks disinter and burn the remains of St. Sava.

Stephen leads an incursion into Poland in 1459 in the search for Aron, but is met with resistance.

Instead, a treaty is signed between Moldavia and Poland, through which Stephen recognizes King Casimir IV Jagiellon as his suzerain, while Aron is barred from entering Moldavia.

He is forced to seek asylum in Transylvania.

Stephen’s objective is to regain the region of Budjak with the castles of Chilia and Cetatea Albă.

The region had previously belonged to Wallachia, but had been incorporated into Moldavia in the late fourteenth century.

Due to the decline of Moldavia during the civil war, the region had reverted to Wallachia, with Chilia being co-ruled by Hungary and Wallachia.

The first written appearance of the name Bucuresti dates from 1459, when it is recorded in a document of Vlad III Tepes, the ruler of Wallachia.

Vlad has built the fortress of Bucharest—the first of many fortifications—with the aim of holding back the Turks who are threatening the existence of the Wallachian state.

The Jodhpur state had been founded in the thirteenth century by the Rathore clan of Rajputs, who claim descent from the Gahadvala kings of Kannauj.

After the sacking of Kannauj by Muhammad of Ghor in 1194, and its capture by the Delhi Sultanate in the early thirteenth century, the Rathores had fled west.

The Rathore family chronicles relate that Siyaji, grandson of Jai Chandra, the last Gahadvala king of Kannauj, came to Marwar on a pilgrimage to Dwarka in Gujarat, and on halting at the town of Pali he and his followers had settled there to protect the Brahmin community from the raids of marauding bands.

Rao (king) Chanda, tenth in succession from Siyaji, had finally wrested control of Marwar from the Pratiharas.

The city of Jodhpur is founded in 1459 by Rao Chanda's successor Rao Jodha as the capital of the Rathor state, which will come to be known as Marwar.

The Franciscans, who had established a network of friaries in Bosnia during the fourteenth century, have spent more than a century trying to convert members of the Bosnian church to mainstream Catholicism.

This campaign receives the full support of the Bosnian king, Stjepan Tomash, who in 1459 summons the clergy of the Bosnian church and orders them to convert to Catholicism or leave the kingdom.

The back of the Bosnian church is broken when most of the clergy converts.

Andrea Mantegna’s innovative altarpiece for the Basilica di San Zeno in Verona, executed from 1456 to 1459, contains one of the first Italian versions of the enthroned Madonna format, in which patron saints flank the enthroned Madonna and child.

The figures in this and other early paintings appear to be sharply chiseled out of stone, their precisely detailed features and garments highlighted in vivid contrasts of red, yellow, and blue.

The entire composition is full of detail referring to classical Antiquity: the frieze with the angels which hold two garlands or the throne, which reminds the viewer of a sarcophagus.

The frame, probably designed by Mantegna himself, is the original one.

Cosimo de’ Medici, the first of the Medici political dynasty, de facto rulers of Florence during most of the Italian Renaissance, is noted for his patronage of culture and the arts, liberally spending the family fortune (which his astute business sense has considerably increased) to enrich Florence.

He had also hired the young architect and sculptor Michelozzo di Bartolomeo Michelozzi to create what is today perhaps the prototypical Florentine palazzo, the austere and magnificent Palazzo Medici.

He has been a patron and confidante of Fra Filippo Lippi, the late Fra Angelico, and Donatello, whose famed David and Judith Slaying Holofernes are Medici commissions.

His patronage had enabled the late eccentric and bankrupt architect Brunelleschi to complete the dome of Santa Maria del Fiore, and the dome is perhaps his crowning achievement as sponsor.

For Giovanni de' Medici, Cosimo's son, Michelozzo has designed the gardens of the Medici Villa at Fiesole in the manner suggested by Pliny the Younger, for relaxed summer living; the light, airy building with open loggias opens onto terraced gardens overlooking Florence.