Bayezid, immediately after obtaining the Ottoman throne,…

Chiang Mai’s ruler Saenmuengma leads troops south against Ayutthaya in 1390 with the ostensible mission of restoring Sukhothai’s independence.

Sukhothai’s King Sai Luethai (Thammaraja) II, anticipating a possible annexation of his kingdom by Chiang Mai, confronts and defeats Saenmuengma, who avoids capture by fleeing on the backs of two servants.

European paper milling has undergone a rapid improvement of many work processes from the mid-fourteenth century onward.

The first permanent paper mill north of the Alps is established in Nuremberg by Ulman Stromer in 1390; it will be depicted a century later in the lavishly illustrated Nuremberg Chronicle.

The city of Shiraz had been spared destruction by the invading Mongols, when its local ruler had offered tributes and submission to Genghis Khan.

Shiraz was again spared by Tamerlane, when in 1382 the local monarch, Shah Shuja, had agreed to submit to the invader.

In the thirteenth century, Shiraz became a leading center of the arts and letters, thanks to the encouragement of its ruler and the presence of many Persian scholars and artists.

For this reason the city was named by classical geographers Dar al-‘Elm, the House of Knowledge.

Among the Iranian poets, mystics and philosophers born in Shiraz are the poets Sa'di and Hafez and the mystic Roozbehan.

Thus Shiraz has been nicknamed "The Athens of Iran".

Mohammed Shams-ud-Din Hafez, Iran's great lyric poet, although orphaned early, had obtained a thorough education in the Islamic sciences—Hafez means one who has memorized the entire Koran.

Widely acclaimed in his own day, his lyrics, “ghazals,” are notable for their beauty and bring to fruition the erotic, mystical, and bacchic themes that have long pervaded Persian poetry.

He spends virtually his entire life in the city of Shiraz, dying there in about 1390.

Circassians from the North Caucasus region had become the majority in the Mamluk ranks by the late fourteenth century.

A revolt had broken out in 1377 in Syria and spread to Egypt, and the government had been taken over by the Circassians Barakah and Barquq; the last Bahri Sultan Al-Salih Hajji had been dethroned in 1382,  thus ending the Bahri dynasty, and Barquq had been proclaimed sultan.

Barquq had been expelled in 1389 but in 1390 recaptures Cairo.

Permanently in power, he founds what came to be called the Burji dynasty.

Europe is meanwhile terrorized and Ottoman rule south of the Danube is assured; Bayezid's prestige in the Islamic world is so enhanced that he is given the title of sultan by the shadow 'Abbasid caliph of Cairo, despite the opposition of the caliph's Mamluk masters, who want to retain the title only for themselves.

The sultan has meanwhile begun unifying Anatolia under his rule.

Forcible expansion into Muslim territories could endanger the Ottoman relationship with the gazis, who are an important source of warriors for this ruling house on the European frontier, so Bayezid has begun the practice to first secure fatwas, or legal rulings from Islamic scholars, justifying their wars against these Muslim states.

However, he suspects the loyalty of his Muslim Turkmen followers, for Bayezid relies heavily on his Serbian and Greek vassal troops to perform these conquests.

In a single campaign over the summer and fall of 1390, Bayezid conquers the beyliks of Aydin, …

…Saruhan and …

…Menteşe.

His major rival Sulayman, the emir of Karaman, responds by allying himself with the ruler of Sivas, Kadi Burhan al-Din and the remaining Turkish beyliks.

Nevertheless, …

…Bayezid pushes on and in the fall and winter of 1390 overwhelms the remaining beyliks—Hamid, …

…Teke, and …

…Germiyan.