The Chilean military, after battling the Peruvians…

The Chilean military, after battling the Peruvians and Bolivians in the north, turns to engaging the Araucanians in the south.

The final defeat of the Mapuche in 1882 opens up the southern third of the national territory to wealthy Chileans who quickly carve out immense estates.

No homestead act or legion of family farmers stands in their way, although a few middle-class and immigrant agriculturalists move in.

Some Mapuche flee over the border to Argentina.

The army herds those who remained onto tribal reservations in 1884, where they will remain mired in poverty for generations.

Like the far north, these southern provinces will become stalwarts of national reform movements, critical of the excessive concentration of power and wealth in and around Santiago.