Violent clashes between the supporters of the…

Violent clashes between the supporters of the Liberal and Conservative parties in Colombia have left the isthmus's affairs in constant turmoil during the last half of the nineteenth century.

Local self-government for the department of Panama is extended when the Liberals are in power and withdrawn when the Conservatives prevail.

The Catholic Church is disestablished under the Liberals and reestablished under the Conservatives.

The fortunes of local partisans rise and fall abruptly and often violently.