During his reign, Nadir Shah has had…

During his reign, Nadir Shah has had to suppress attempts to reinstate Amanullah Khan to the throne.

His strategy in suppressing his opposition is to set ethnic groups against each other, mainly Pashtuns versus Tajiks, waging a large-scale campaign under British influence against the non-Pashtun ethnicities living in Afghanistan in an attempt to continue the Pashtunization plan of his predecessor Abdur Rahman Khan.

This has led to the destruction of the Shomali Plains north of Kabul.

Thousands of Afghan intellectuals have been either imprisoned or killed.

Many have fled abroad, especially to the Soviet Union.

The press, already in crisis, has been heavily censored and power has been distributed among his own relatives and family members.

Although Nadir Shah has placated religious factions with a constitutional emphasis on orthodox denominational principles, he has also taken steps to modernize Afghanistan in material ways, although far less obtrusively than Amanullah.

He has improved road construction, especially the Great North Road through the Hindu Kush, and methods of communication.

He has forged commercial links with the same foreign powers with whom Amanullah had established diplomatic relations in the 1920s, and, under the leadership of several prominent entrepreneurs, has initiated a banking system and long-range economic planning.

Although his efforts to improve the army had not borne fruit immediately, Nadir Shah has created a 40,000-strong force from almost no national army at all by the time of his assassination by a college student named Abdul Khaliq Hazara in Kabul on November 8, 1933.

The plot had been hatched by Abdul Khaliq and his friends.

He had been working as a servant to the Charkhi Family and due to the cruelty of Nadir and the massacre of Hazaras during the reign of Abdur Rahman, Khaliq had been waiting for his revenge, finding his chance at a ceremony of high school graduates in Bala-e-Sar, where Nadir was distributing awards.

After the assassination, Abdul Khaliq is apprehended with his all friends and family members.

The family behind the plot is exiled and Abdul Khaliq is executed, rather gruesomely by many accounts.

The family will later be pardoned and invited back to Afghanistan by Nadir Khan's son and successor, Mohammad Zahir Shah, who succeeds his father at 19, having previously served as a cabinet member; his uncles serve as prime ministers and advisors.

Zahir Shah pursues a cautious policy of national consolidation, expansion of foreign relations, and internal development using Afghan funds alone.