Han Chinese in the Josutu and Juu…
November 1891 CE
The rebels burn many Tibetan Buddhist temples, and devastate Mongol communities.
The imperial court tries in vain to ease ethnic tensions, paying relief money to both the Mongols and the Chinese and forbidding further revenge.
Beijing decides to make Chinese prefecture and county authorities collect tax from Chinese tenants on behalf of Mongol nobles.
The court decides also to put Mongol-Chinese conflicts under the jurisdiction of Chinese authorities.
This further weakens the power of Mongol banners.
The Leagues are located at the southern end of the Mongol land and have faced devastating floods of Chinese colonization.
While early migrants had been insignificant in number and had quickly assimilated into the Mongol society, Chinese farmers from northern Hebei had later settled en masse and now outnumber the indigenous Mongols.
Large-scale agriculture practiced by the Chinese had made the Mongols unable to continue pastoralism.
The Mongols had become agricultural farmers and adopted the Chinese system of land ownership.
The presence of the large number of Chinese within Inner Mongolia had resulted in a complex administrative system.
The Chinese had come under the jurisdiction of Chinese prefectures and counties, which were set up as enclaves within the Mongol lands.
Mongol banners nominally retain the land ownership and ceaselessly fight to preserve various rights over the Chinese settlers.
As the Qing dynasty gradually lost the ability to maintain social order, the Chinese began to challenge the rule of the minority Mongols.
Chinese tenants delay or even refuse land tax payment, and forcibly obstruct land surveys by Mongol authorities.
Another main conflict between the indigenous and immigrant populations involves access to natural resources.
Mongols strictly forbid, the Chinese from cutting timbers on Mongol lands mainly for religious reasons.
Violators are severely punished by banner officials, which fuels Chinese hostility toward Mongols.
Little is known about the Jindandao (literally meaning to Golden Elixir Way).
Also known as the Red Turban, the Jindandao is a secret society and considered to be an offshoot of the White Lotus sect, which had previously risen in revolt at various times in China.
Another sect involved is named Zaili, a religious sect popular in Northern China with a confirmed connection with the White Lotus sect.
The rebellion breaks out in November 1891 when rebels attack the government office of the Aukhan Banner.
They slaughter the jasagh (head) of the banner, Prince Daghchin, who is concurrently the head of the Juu Uda League, and vandalize his ancestral tomb.
They quickly rampage southward into the Ongniud banners (and Chifeng County within them), then into the Kharachin Left Banner.
Around the same time, another group of rebels captures Chaoyang County within the Tümed Right Banner, the Josutu League.
They move into the neighboring Tümed banner and two Kharachin banners while annihilating Mongol communities.
They openly employ anti-Mongol and anti-dynastic slogans including "Defeat the Qing and wipe of the Mongols" and "Kill Mongols in revenge".
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