Following the failure to work with the Congress, Jinnah, who had embraced separate electorates and the exclusive right of the League to represent Muslims, has been converted to the idea that Muslims need a separate state to protect their rights.

Jinnah has come to believe that Muslims and Hindus are distinct nations, with unbridgeable differences—a view later known as the Two Nation Theory.

Jinnah declares that a united India would lead to the marginalization of Muslims, and eventually civil war between Hindus and Muslims.

This change of view may have occurred through his correspondence with Iqbal, who was close to Jinnah.

In 1934, Jinnah returns to the leadership of the Muslim League after a period of residence in London, but finds it divided and without a sense of mission.

He sets about restoring a sense of purpose to Muslims, and emphasizes the Two Nations Theory.