Lahore Punjab Pakistan

The Iron Age in the Indian subcontinent had succeeded the Late Harappan (Cemetery H) culture, also known as the last phase of the Indus Valley Tradition, in about 1300 BCE.

The cultures of the Punjab and Rajasthan in this phase spread eastward across the Gangetic plain.

For this reason, the succession of Iron Age cultures of northern India and Pakistan are also known as the Indo-Gangetic Tradition.

The Painted Gray Ware culture  from around 1200 BCE to 800 BCE, which is contemporary to, and a successor of the Black and Red Ware culture, probably corresponds to the Vedic civilization, which has developed the Vedic language in northwestern India.

The Rigveda, a sacred collection of Sanskrit hymns dedicated to the gods or (devas) in Hinduism, retains many common Indo-Iranian elements, both in language and in content, that are not present in any other Vedic texts.

Its creation must have taken place over several centuries, and apart from the youngest books (1 and 10), it must have been essentially complete by 1200 BCE.

Based on philological and linguistic evidence, the Rigveda was composed roughly between 1700–1100 BCE (the early Vedic period) in the Sapta Sindhu region (a land of seven great rivers) which is the region around present-day Punjab, putting it among the world's oldest religious texts in continued use, as well as among the oldest texts of any Indo-European language.

There are strong linguistic and cultural similarities between the Rigveda and the early Iranian Avesta, deriving from the Proto-Indo-Iranian times, often associated with the early Andronovo culture of around 2000 BCE.

The final portions of the Rigveda, significantly Books 1 and 10, will be written in this age.

The earliest Upanishads—chronologically the latest portions of the Vedas, the sacred texts of Hinduism—probably date from around 900 BCE, representing the first development of philosophical reflections in Sanskrit literature.

The oldest Upanishads, according to a widespread tradition, are the Isa, Kena, Katha, Prasna, Mundaka, Mandukya, Taittiriya, Aitareya, Chandogya, Brhadaranyaka, Svetasvatara, Kaushitaki, and Maitri Upanishads.

References to diseases, herbs and herbal cures can be seen in all the four Vedas, composed between 1200 and 700 BCE, especially in the Rig Veda.

Parts of the Ayurveda, a system of health care that combines descriptions of disease with information on herbs and magic, may have been written in India about 900.

Documented references to the precise timing of the origins of Ayurveda are not available.

…Lahore as well and provides the earliest writings available on the ancient cities.

Lahore appears as the capital of the Punjab for the first time under Anandapala—the Hindu Shahi king who is referred to as the ruler of (hakim i lahur)—after leaving the earlier capital of Waihind.

Few references to Lahore remain from before its capture by Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni in the eleventh century.

The sultan takes Lahore after a long siege and battle in which the city is torched and depopulated.

Sultan Mahmud appoints Malik Ayaz to the throne of Lahore in 1021 and makes the city the capital of the Ghaznavid Empire.

As the first Muslim governor of Lahore, Ayaz begins rebuilding and repopulating the city.

Institutionalized prostitution has been extant in India since classical Hindu times—lay prostitutes are a recognized caste.

As the Koran forbids prostitution, the Muslim invasions of India result in official pronouncements against both secular and sacred prostitution.

Actual practices under Muslim rule, however, do little to discourage it; temple prostitution, in which girls are dedicated to a deity, continues.

Lahore appears as the capital of the Punjab for the first time under Anandapala—the Hindu Shahi king who is referred to as the ruler of (hakim i lahur)—after leaving the earlier capital of Waihind.

Few references to Lahore remain from before its capture by Sultan Mahmud of Ghaznavi in the eleventh century.

The sultan had taken Lahore after a long siege and battle in which the city had been torched and depopulated.

In 1021, Sultan Mahmud had appointed Malik Ayaz to the throne and made Lahore the capital of the Ghaznavid Empire.

As the first Muslim governor of Lahore, Ayaz has rebuilt and repopulated the city.

He has added many important features, such as city gates and a masonry fort, built in 1037–1040 on the ruins of the previous one, which had been demolished in the fighting.

The present Lahore Fort stands on the same location.

Under Ayaz's rule, the city has become a cultural and academic center, renowned for poetry.

The tomb of Malik Ayaz can still be seen in the city’s Rang Mahal commercial area.

The Muslim Ghaznavids from Afghanistan move their imperial capital east from Ghazni to …

…Lahore in 1163.

Muhammad, advancing into the Punjab, captures Lahore in 1185.