The Halifax Gazette, Canada's first newspaper, established…
March 1752 CE
The newspaper had been entirely dependent on the government for funding.
Because of the developing city and the low population, there is a shortage of local news or community news, and advertisements occupy a large portion of the newspaper.
It contains news excerpts from the newspapers of Britain, Europe, and New England.
The first issue of the Halifax Gazette contains an article about the demise of John Goreham, a military officer and businessman who had expired in London due to smallpox.
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Henrik Teofilus Scheffer, a Swedish assayer, investigates platinum metal in 1752, calling it white gold.
He successfully melts and works the substance, which he includes as an element, the seventh known to man.
Because, like gold, it dissolves only in aqua regia, he classifies it as a precious metal.
Azad, born in Andar town in the east of Ghazni, Afghanistan, into the Sulaimankhel clan of the Ghilji confederacy, had joined Nader Shah's army around 1738 and had taken part in his campaigns in India and Iran.
At the time of Nader's murder, he was second-in-command to Amir Aslan Khan Qerglu Afshar, the governor of Azerbaijan.
Azad had played a prominent role in the power struggle that followed the death of Nader, quickly defecting from Aslan Khan to Nader's nephew and would-be successor, Ebrahim Mirza, and earning for himself the title of khan.
When Ebrahim was himself defeated by Nader's grandson, Shahrukh Shah, Azad Khan had attached himself and his Afghan cavalry to Mīr Sayyed Moḥammad, the superintendent of the shrine at Mashhad, following whose orders he had withdrawn to the western marches of Iran.
Azad has continued to be involved in the unrest in Iran and, through a series of alliance with local Kurd and Turkish chieftains and a policy of compromise with the Georgian ruler Erekle II, Azad rises to control all the territory between Ardabil and Urmia by 1752.
At the time of Nader's murder, he was second-in-command to Amir Aslan Khan Qerglu Afshar, the governor of Azerbaijan.
Azad had played a prominent role in the power struggle that followed the death of Nader, quickly defecting from Aslan Khan to Nader's nephew and would-be successor, Ebrahim Mirza, and earning for himself the title of khan.
When Ebrahim was himself defeated by Nader's grandson, Shahrukh Shah, Azad Khan had attached himself and his Afghan cavalry to Mīr Sayyed Moḥammad, the superintendent of the shrine at Mashhad, following whose orders he had withdrawn to the western marches of Iran.
Azad has continued to be involved in the unrest in Iran and, through a series of alliance with local Kurd and Turkish chieftains and a policy of compromise with the Georgian ruler Erekle II, Azad rises to control all the territory between Ardabil and Urmia by 1752.
The British colony of Nova Scotia in 1749 had been almost completely populated by native Mi'kmaq and ten thousand French-speaking and Roman Catholic Acadians.
The British, specifically the Board of Trade, want to settle Protestants in the region.
Attracting British immigrants is difficult as most preferred to go to the warmer southern colonies.
Thus, a plan has been developed to aggressively recruit foreign Protestants.
This recruiting drive is led by John Dick, who has been quite successful.
The British government has agreed to provide free passage to the colony, as well as free land and one year's rations upon arrival.
Over two thousand of the "Foreign Protestants" have arrived between 1750 and 1752, in twelve ships, coming mostly from German duchies and principalities on the Upper Rhine in the present-day Rhineland-Palatinate bundesländer.
The duchy of Württemberg is the major source, but there are also "Foreign Protestants" from the present day Tripoint of France, Germany and Switzerland.
They come from Montbéliard in France, and parts of Switzerland and the Netherlands.
The British, specifically the Board of Trade, want to settle Protestants in the region.
Attracting British immigrants is difficult as most preferred to go to the warmer southern colonies.
Thus, a plan has been developed to aggressively recruit foreign Protestants.
This recruiting drive is led by John Dick, who has been quite successful.
The British government has agreed to provide free passage to the colony, as well as free land and one year's rations upon arrival.
Over two thousand of the "Foreign Protestants" have arrived between 1750 and 1752, in twelve ships, coming mostly from German duchies and principalities on the Upper Rhine in the present-day Rhineland-Palatinate bundesländer.
The duchy of Württemberg is the major source, but there are also "Foreign Protestants" from the present day Tripoint of France, Germany and Switzerland.
They come from Montbéliard in France, and parts of Switzerland and the Netherlands.
Rough and tumble, or gouging, is a form of fighting in the back-country United States, often characterized by the objective of gouging out an opponent's eye, and typically takes place in order to settle disputes.
Gouging is common by the 1730s in southern colonies.
An act passed by the Virginia Assembly in 1752 begins by remarking that many mischievous and ill disposed persons have of late, in a malicious and barbarous manner, maimed, wounded, and defaced, many of his majesty's subjects, then very specifically makes it a felony to put out an eye, slit the nose, bite or cut off a nose, or lip, among other offenses.
The Assembly will go on to amend the act in 1772 to make it clear that this included gouging, plucking or putting out an eye.
Court cases and legal rulings from the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries in Tennessee, South Carolina, and Arkansas will provide ample evidence of the history of this type of fighting.
Gouging is common by the 1730s in southern colonies.
An act passed by the Virginia Assembly in 1752 begins by remarking that many mischievous and ill disposed persons have of late, in a malicious and barbarous manner, maimed, wounded, and defaced, many of his majesty's subjects, then very specifically makes it a felony to put out an eye, slit the nose, bite or cut off a nose, or lip, among other offenses.
The Assembly will go on to amend the act in 1772 to make it clear that this included gouging, plucking or putting out an eye.
Court cases and legal rulings from the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries in Tennessee, South Carolina, and Arkansas will provide ample evidence of the history of this type of fighting.
Cornwallis will spend more than a year seeking out Mi’kmaq leaders willing to negotiate a peace.
Hoping to lay the groundwork for a peace treaty, on February 16, 1752, he repeals his 1749 proclamation against the Wabanaki Confederacy.
Hoping to lay the groundwork for a peace treaty, on February 16, 1752, he repeals his 1749 proclamation against the Wabanaki Confederacy.
Konbaung is only one among many other resistance forces that had independently sprung up across a panicked Upper Burma.
Fortunately for the resistance forces, the Hanthawaddy command had mistakenly equated their capture of Ava with the victory over Upper Burma, and had withdrawn two-thirds of the invasion force back to Bago, leaving just a third (less than ten thousand men) for what they consider a mop-up operation.
At first, the strategy seems to work. Hanthawaddy forces established outposts as far north as present day northern Sagaing Region and ...
Fortunately for the resistance forces, the Hanthawaddy command had mistakenly equated their capture of Ava with the victory over Upper Burma, and had withdrawn two-thirds of the invasion force back to Bago, leaving just a third (less than ten thousand men) for what they consider a mop-up operation.
At first, the strategy seems to work. Hanthawaddy forces established outposts as far north as present day northern Sagaing Region and ...
Hanthawaddy forces, aided by the French East India Company-supplied firearms and Dutch and Portuguese mercenaries, have reached the gates of Ava by early 1752.
The heir-apparent of Hanthawaddy, Upayaza, summons all administrative officers in Upper Burma to submit.
Some chose to cooperate, but others, like Aung Zeya, choose to resist.
Aung Zeya persuades forty-six villages in the Mu Valley to join him in resistance.
On February 29,1752 (the Full moon of Tabaung 1113 ME), as the Hanthawaddy forces are about to breach the outer walls of Ava, Aung Zeya proclaims himself king with the royal style of Alaungpaya ("One Who Is the Future Buddha", Maitreya), and founds the Konbaung Dynasty.
His full royal style is Thiri Pawara Wizaya Nanda Zahta Maha Dhamma Yazadiyaza Alaung Mintayagy.
After Ava fell on March 23, 1752, Alaungpaya's own father, Nyo San, urges him to submit.
He points out that although Alaungpaya has scores of enthusiastic men, they have only a few muskets, and that their little stockade does not stand a chance against a well-equipped Hanthawaddy army that has just sacked a heavily fortified Ava.
Alaungpaya, undeterred, prepares the defenses by stockading his village, now renamed Shwebo, and building a moat around it.
He had the jungle outside the stockade cleared, the ponds destroyed and the wells filled.
The heir-apparent of Hanthawaddy, Upayaza, summons all administrative officers in Upper Burma to submit.
Some chose to cooperate, but others, like Aung Zeya, choose to resist.
Aung Zeya persuades forty-six villages in the Mu Valley to join him in resistance.
On February 29,1752 (the Full moon of Tabaung 1113 ME), as the Hanthawaddy forces are about to breach the outer walls of Ava, Aung Zeya proclaims himself king with the royal style of Alaungpaya ("One Who Is the Future Buddha", Maitreya), and founds the Konbaung Dynasty.
His full royal style is Thiri Pawara Wizaya Nanda Zahta Maha Dhamma Yazadiyaza Alaung Mintayagy.
After Ava fell on March 23, 1752, Alaungpaya's own father, Nyo San, urges him to submit.
He points out that although Alaungpaya has scores of enthusiastic men, they have only a few muskets, and that their little stockade does not stand a chance against a well-equipped Hanthawaddy army that has just sacked a heavily fortified Ava.
Alaungpaya, undeterred, prepares the defenses by stockading his village, now renamed Shwebo, and building a moat around it.
He had the jungle outside the stockade cleared, the ponds destroyed and the wells filled.
...found allies in the Gwe Shan people of Madaya in present-day northern Mandalay Region.
Tensions between the English and the French concerning the Acadian territory date to the seventeenth century, when France established its Acadian colony, which made them neighbors with the Puritans in New England.
One of the main reasons for tensions is the question of jurisdiction, especially after the conquest of Acadia in 1710.
The isthmus of Chignecto is claimed by both the French and English, whereas present day Nova Scotia is claimed by the English.
The border differentiating the two is the Missaguash River; however, Acadians have settled on both sides of the river.
English claim to present day New Brunswick and Northern Maine conflicts with the small French presence and Acadian settlement on the area.
Despite this, France's Louis XV has encouraged Acadians to migrate to the land west of the Missaguash, and toward Fort Beauséjour.
One of the main reasons for tensions is the question of jurisdiction, especially after the conquest of Acadia in 1710.
The isthmus of Chignecto is claimed by both the French and English, whereas present day Nova Scotia is claimed by the English.
The border differentiating the two is the Missaguash River; however, Acadians have settled on both sides of the river.
English claim to present day New Brunswick and Northern Maine conflicts with the small French presence and Acadian settlement on the area.
Despite this, France's Louis XV has encouraged Acadians to migrate to the land west of the Missaguash, and toward Fort Beauséjour.
Ahad laungpaya's forces had wiped out the first two Hanthawaddy detachments sent to secure his allegiance.
They next survived the month-long siege by the Hanthawaddy army of several thousand led by General Talaban himself and repulsed the invaders in a rout.
The news spread, and Alaungpaya was soon mustering a proper army from across the Mu Valley and beyond, using his family connections and appointing his fellow gentry leaders as his key lieutenants.
Success drew fresh recruits everyday from many regions across Upper Burma.
Most other resistance forces as well as officers from the disbanded Palace Guards had joined him with such arms as they retained.
Alaungpaya has emerged by October 1752 as the primary challenger to Hanthawaddy and driven out all Hanthawaddy outposts north of Ava as well as their allies, the Gwe Shan.
They next survived the month-long siege by the Hanthawaddy army of several thousand led by General Talaban himself and repulsed the invaders in a rout.
The news spread, and Alaungpaya was soon mustering a proper army from across the Mu Valley and beyond, using his family connections and appointing his fellow gentry leaders as his key lieutenants.
Success drew fresh recruits everyday from many regions across Upper Burma.
Most other resistance forces as well as officers from the disbanded Palace Guards had joined him with such arms as they retained.
Alaungpaya has emerged by October 1752 as the primary challenger to Hanthawaddy and driven out all Hanthawaddy outposts north of Ava as well as their allies, the Gwe Shan.
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