Carlos Antonio López, after the fall of…

Carlos Antonio López, after the fall of Juan Manuel de Rosas in 1852, signs a treaty with Buenos Aires that recognizes Paraguay's independence, although the Argentines never ratify it.

In the same year, López signs treaties of friendship, commerce, and navigation with France and the United States.

Nonetheless, growing tensions with several countries, including the United States, characterize the second half of López's rule.

In 1858 the United States sends a flotilla to Paraguayan waters in a successful action to claim compensation for an American sailor who had been killed three years earlier.