Ibrahim, a great calligrapher who writes the…

Ibrahim, a great calligrapher who writes the Koran with his own pen, had succeeded his father Ma'sud I to become king of the Ghaznavids in 1058.

Ibrahim has reestablished a truncated empire on a firmer basis by arriving at a peace agreement with the Seljuqs and a restoration of cultural and political linkages.

Under Ibrahim and his successors, the Ghaznavid empire will enjoy a period of sustained tranquility.

Shorn of its western land, it will be increasingly sustained by riches accrued from raids across Northern India, where it faces stiff resistance from Indian rulers such as the Paramara of Malwa and the Gahadvala of Kannauj.