The Hittite conquest of Yamhad, an Amorite kingdom centered at Hala (Aleppo) in northern Syria, the weak middle Assyrian kings, and the internal strivings of the Hittites had created a power vacuum in upper Mesopotamia, where a substantial Hurrian population had also settled, their culture influencing the area.

It is believed that the warring Hurrian tribes and city states had become united under one dynasty after the collapse of Babylon due to the Hittite sack by Mursili I and the Kassite invasion.

This leads to the formation of the kingdom of Mitanni, or Hanigalbat, around 1500 by a legendary king called Kirta.

Thutmose I organizes great building projects, including many temples and tombs, but his greatest projects ae at the Temple of Karnak under the supervision of the architect Ineni.

Previous to Thutmose, Karnak probably consisted only of a long road to a central platform, with a number of shrines for the solar bark along the side of the road.

Thutmose is the first king to drastically enlarge the temple.

Thutmose has the fifth pylon built along the temple's main road, along with a wall to run around the inner sanctuary and two flagpoles to flank the gateway.

Outside of this, he builds a fourth pylon and another enclosure wall.

Between pylons four and five, he has a hypostyle hall constructed, with columns made of cedar wood.

This type of structure is common in ancient Egyptian temples, and supposedly represents a papyrus marsh, an Egyptian symbol of creation.

Along the edge of this room he builts colossal statues, each one alternating wearing the crown of Upper Egypt and the crown of Lower Egypt.

Finally, outside of the fourth pylon, he erects four more flagpoles and two obelisks, although one of them (which today has fallen,) will not be inscribed until Thutmose III does so about fifty years later.

The cedar columns in Thutmose I's hypostyle hall will be replaced with stone columns by Thutmose III, however at least the northernmost two are replaced by Thutmose I himself.

Hatshepsut will also erect two of her own obelisks inside of Thutmose I's hypostyle hall.

Thutmose cuts a stele at Tombos, which records that he built a fortress at Tombos, near the third cataract, thus permanently extending the Egyptian military presence, which had previously stopped at Buhen, at the second cataract.

Its erection in the second year of his reign indicates that he had already fought a campaign in Syria; hence, his Syrian campaign may be placed at the beginning of his second regnal year.

This second campaign is the farthest north any Egyptian ruler has ever campaigned.

Although it has not been found in modern times, he apparently set up a stele when he crossed the Euphrates River.

During this campaign, the Syrian princes declared allegiance to Thutmose.

However, after he returned, they discontinued tribute and began fortifying against future incursions.

Thutmose celebrated his victories with an elephant hunt in the area of Niy, near Apamea in Syria, and returned to Egypt with strange tales of the Euphrates, "that inverted water which flows upstream when it ought to be flowing downstream."

The Euphrates is the first major river which the Egyptians have ever encountered that flows from the north, which is downstream on the Nile, to the south, which is upstream on the Nile.

Thus the river becomes known in Egypt as simply, "inverted water."

Nubia rebels against Egyptian rule upon Thutmose's coronation.

According to the tomb autobiography of Ahmose, son of Ebana, Thutmose traveled up the Nile and fought in the battle, personally killing the Nubian king.

Upon victory, he had the Nubian king's body hung from the prow of his ship, before he returned to Thebes.

After this campaign, he leads a second expedition against Nubia in his third year, in the course of which he orders the canal at the first cataract—which had been built under Sesostris III of the Twelfth Dynasty—to be dredged in order to facilitate easier travel upstream from Egypt to Nubia.

This helps integrate Nubia into the Egyptian empire.

This expedition is mentioned in two separate inscriptions by the king's son Thure.

Thutmose's father was possibly Amenhotep I.

His mother, Senseneb, is of non-royal parentage and may have been a lesser wife or concubine.

Queen Ahmose, who holds the title of Great Royal Wife of Thutmose, is probably the daughter of Ahmose I and the sister of Amenhotep I; however, she is never called "king's daughter," so there is some doubt about this, and some historians will speculate that she was Thutmose's own sister.

Assuming she was related to Amenhotep, it could be thought that she was married to Thutmose in order to guarantee succession. However, this is known not to be the case for two reasons.

Firstly, Amenhotep's alabaster bark built at Karnak associates Amenhotep's name with Thutmose's name well before Amenhotep's death.

Secondly, Thutmose's first-born son with Ahmose, Amenmose, was apparently born long before Thutmose's coronation.

He can be seen on a stela from Thutmose's fourth regnal year hunting near Memphis, and he became the "great army-commander of his father" sometime before his death, which is no later than Thutmose's own death in his twelfth regnal year.

Thutmose had another son, Wadjmose, and two daughters, Hatshepsut and Nefrubity, by Ahmose. Wadjmose died before his father, and Nefrubity died as an infant.

Thutmose has one son by another wife, Mutnofret.

This son will succeed shim as Thutmose II, whom Thutmose I will marry to his daughter, Hatshepsut.

It will later be recorded by Hatshepsut that Thutmose willed the kingship to both Thutmose II and Hatshepsut.

However, this is considered to be propaganda by Hatshepsut's supporters to legitimize her claim to the throne when she later assumed power.

The Maritime Revolution (1485-1342 BCE): The Old Whaling Culture Emergence

The Genesis of Arctic Maritime Mastery

The age of 1485-1342 BCE marked a revolutionary transformation in Arctic subsistence strategies as the enigmatic Old Whaling culture emerged along the Eskimo-occupied coasts around 1500 BCE. The Old Whalers appeared suddenly at Cape Krusenstern, representing a mysterious people who lived there during this early period.

This 143-year span witnessed the development of humanity's first systematic whale hunting traditions in the Arctic, as coastal populations developed the sophisticated maritime technologies and social organization necessary to pursue the ocean's largest prey. Alaskan archaeologists found large whale bones in a cluster of semi-subterranean houses at Cape Krusenstern on the Bering Sea, with people quickly dubbed the Old Whaling Culture, initially thought to be the earliest whalers in the world.

Architectural Innovation and Settlement Patterns

During this age, the Old Whaling peoples established distinctive settlement patterns that would influence Arctic architecture for millennia. The site consists of five semi-subterranean winter houses roughly 100 meters away from five above-ground summer houses. The inhabitants used vertebrae within their houses, possibly as a form of furniture - a tradition that would reemerge around 800 AD in the whaling Thule people.

This architectural innovation represented more than mere shelter; it demonstrated a sophisticated understanding of seasonal cycles and the logistical demands of large-scale marine mammal hunting. The spatial organization between winter and summer structures suggests the development of complex seasonal migration patterns coordinated with whale movements.

Maritime Technology and Cultural Identity

The Old Whaling culture's emergence during 1485-1342 BCE represented a fundamental shift in human-environment relationships. Prehistoric settlements were situated and defended so that people could hunt whales, with the importance of whaling in arctic prehistory being clear. The culture developed at strategic coastal locations that provided optimal access to marine mammal migration routes.

Various whaling tools, like special harpoons and butchering tools, are found at the site, though animal remains don't indicate that whales were the main resource extracted there. This suggests the culture was developing the technological foundations and cultural practices that would later enable true systematic whaling.

The Mysterious Origins and Connections

It is unknown who the inhabitants of the site were or what caused the site to be abandoned, with J.L. Giddings stating that the Old Whalers are the mysterious people of Cape Krusenstern. The origins and cultural connections of the Old Whaling settlement at Cape Krusenstern remain a mystery.

This cultural emergence occurred within the broader context of Arctic Small Tool tradition populations, representing either an internal innovation or the arrival of new peoples with distinct maritime orientations. The sudden appearance of this culture suggests rapid technological and social adaptation to Arctic marine environments.

Trans-Beringian Networks

Evidence suggests this maritime revolution was not isolated to Alaska. Recent findings by a Russian-American research team indicate that prehistoric cultures were hunting whales at least 3,000 years ago, with researchers believing sites on Russia's Chukotka Peninsula belonged to the Old Whaling Culture tradition.

This trans-Beringian distribution implies that during 1485-1342 BCE, Arctic populations maintained sophisticated networks of communication and cultural exchange, sharing innovations in maritime technology and whale hunting strategies across the Bering Sea.

Legacy of the Maritime Transition

The age 1485-1342 BCE established foundational elements that would define Arctic cultures for thousands of years. Whaling plays a significant role in the spiritual life of Arctic peoples, who strive to live in harmony with the land and sea and show great respect for the food and other natural resources available in the arctic north.

The Old Whaling culture's emergence during this age represented more than technological innovation—it marked the beginning of the complex spiritual, social, and economic relationships between Arctic peoples and marine mammals that would become central to circumpolar cultures. This 144-year period laid the groundwork for the sophisticated whaling traditions that would later characterize Thule and modern Inuit cultures, establishing the Arctic as a region where human societies achieved remarkable adaptation to one of Earth's most challenging environments.

Groups from southeastern Asia, primarily speakers of the languages (now) classified as Malayo-Polynesian, have begun to spread out to nearby Pacific Islands.

Saipan, along with neighboring Guam, Rota/Luta, Tinian, and to a lesser extent smaller islands northward, seems to have been first inhabited around 2000 BCE.

Evidence of human habitation in Saipan, the second largest of the Mariana Islands in the western Pacific Ocean, dates from around 1500.

Maritime East Asia (1485–1342 BCE): Shang Dynasty’s Bronze Age Flourishing and Oracle Bone Divination

Between 1485 BCE and 1342 BCE, Maritime East Asia—comprising lower Primorsky Krai, the Korean Peninsula, the Japanese Archipelago below northern Hokkaido, Taiwan, and southern, central, and northeastern China—experiences a significant cultural and technological flowering under China’s Shang Dynasty. This era sees the dramatic expansion of sophisticated bronze craftsmanship, the consolidation and expansion of Shang political authority, advancements in construction technology, early medicinal practices, and the widespread use of oracle bone script.

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Sophisticated Bronze Craftsmanship

Under the Shang Dynasty, Chinese artisans achieve remarkable advancements in bronze metallurgy, crafting highly sophisticated ceremonial vessels such as urns and vases. Molded in sections and featuring intricate decorative patterns, these bronze artifacts appear quite suddenly around the early Shang period (circa 1600 BCE) without clear prior evidence of a comparable metal technology, aside from earlier jade-carving traditions. This advanced bronze technology attests to the remarkable skill, centralized control, and artistic sophistication of Shang culture.

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Political Consolidation and Capital Establishment

The Shang Dynasty, traditionally founded around 1600 BCE by the rebel leader Tang of Shang, refers to its rulers as Sons of Heaven, reinforcing their divine right to rule and legitimizing centralized political authority. Shang civilization primarily depends on agriculture, supplemented by hunting and animal husbandry, forming a stable economic base for political expansion and urban growth.

By approximately 1500 BCE, the Shang establish their early capital at Aodu (Bodu)—modern Zhengzhou (Cheng-chou), located strategically in the Yellow River Valley. Here, Chinese engineers demonstrate advanced construction techniques, including the innovative use of open caissons to stabilize and sink shallow walls in the region’s unstable soils.

The Shang court subsequently moves its capital multiple times—six relocations in total, according to the Records of the Grand Historian—culminating in its final, most significant relocation around 1350 BCE to the city of Yin (modern Anyang). This move initiates the dynasty’s "golden age," marking the peak of its political and cultural dominance.

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Extent and Influence of Shang Authority

At its zenith following the move to Yin, the Shang domain expands significantly, extending from the Wei River tributaries west of the central Yellow River Valley, eastward to the Yellow Sea coast, northward toward territories occupied by nomadic peoples on the steppes, and approaching the northern boundaries of the Yangtze River basin to the south. The Shang Dynasty will endure as one of China’s longest dynasties, traditionally featuring thirty-one rulers who succeed each other through a fraternal succession pattern, from Tang to the final king, Zhou of Shang.

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Early Medicinal Practices

During this period, early medical records in China document the medicinal use of fermented and moldy substances—derived from animal dung and fermented soybean curd—to treat superficial wounds and swelling. These primitive antibiotic treatments underscore early empirical medical experimentation and reflect the beginnings of China's enduring medicinal traditions.

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Oracle Bone Script and Divination Practices

Around 1400 BCE, Shang priests increasingly employ the oracle bone script, a form of Chinese writing inscribed onto animal bones or turtle shells during divination rituals. The vast majority of surviving oracle bones date from the Shang capital at Yin (Anyang), ranging approximately from the fourteenth century to the mid-eleventh century BCE. Although the script’s origins likely predate this era, its widespread use from 1400 BCE onward provides China’s earliest significant corpus of recorded writing, invaluable for understanding Shang religious practices, governance, and daily concerns.

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Legacy of the Era: Cultural Sophistication and Technological Innovations

Thus, the era 1485–1342 BCE represents a pivotal phase in Maritime East Asia, characterized by the Shang Dynasty's political stabilization, advanced bronze craftsmanship, early engineering achievements, formative medical practices, and innovations in literacy and divination practices. These developments collectively deepen cultural complexity, expand regional influence, and set a foundation for future historical trajectories across East Asia.

The accumulation of wealth and leisure in the world’s civilized centers has brought about the introduction of curiosity as an important contributing factor in the domain of technology by the middle of the second millennium BCE.

Theorists thus make attempts at solving a variety of numerical and algebraic equations that have no immediate practical uses and at discerning the underlying patterns of empirical calculations.

Nation-states become multinational in this age, including the Shang in China; the Mitanni, the Hittites, the Assyrians, and the Kassites in West Asia, and the Mycenaeans in the Aegean.