Ottoman weakness had allowed Iraq's self-contained communities…
1912 CE to 1923 CE
Beginning with the tanzimat reforms in 1869, Iraq's mostly subsistence economy slowly had been transformed into a market economy based on money and tied to the world capitalist market.
Social status traditionally had been determined by noble lineage, by fighting prowess, and by knowledge of religion.
With the advent of capitalism, social status increasingly is determined by property ownership and by the accumulation of wealth.
Most disruptive in this regard had been the TAPU land reform of 1858.
Concomitantly, Western social and economic penetration had increased; for example, Iraq's traditional crafts and craftsmen gradually were displaced by mass-produced British machine-made textiles.
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The Near and Middle East
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