Marsilius of Padua: Early Education and Academic…

The Thais invade Dai Viet in 1313, but combined Vietnamese and Champa forces roll them back.

Wang Zhen was born in Shandong province, and spent many years as an official of both Anhui and Jiangxi provinces.

From the years 1290 to 1301, he was a magistrate for Jingde, Anhui province, where he was a pioneer of the use of wooden movable type printing.

The wooden movable type is described in Wang Zhen's publication of 1313, known as the Nong Shu, or Book of Agriculture.

Although the title describes the main focus of the work, it incorporates much more information on a wide variety of subjects that is not limited to the scope of agriculture.

Thus very important medieval treatise outlines the application and use of the various Chinese sciences, technologies, and agricultural practices.

From water powered bellows to movable type printing, it is considered a descriptive masterpiece on contemporary medieval Chinese technology.

Huang Gongwang holds minor governmental posts in northern China until his dismissal, at forty-three, after being implicated in a scandal.

Upon returning to his native region near Suzhou (Soochow) in 1313, he begins to pursue Taoist studies and to paint and write poetry.

During an extended mountain sojourn he paints his (surviving) masterpiece, the long horizontal scroll “Dwelling in the Fuchun Mountains.”

Louis, Duke of Bavaria, (later to become Emperor Louis IV) was born in Munich, the son of Louis II, Duke of Upper Bavaria and Count Palatine of the Rhine, and Matilda, a daughter of King Rudolph I.

Though Louis had been partly educated in Vienna and had become co-regent of his brother Rudolf I in Upper Bavaria in 1301 with the support of his Habsburg mother and her brother, King Albert I, he has quarreled with the Habsburgs from 1307 over possessions in Lower Bavaria.

A civil war against his brother Rudolf due to new disputes on the partition of their lands had been ended on June 13, 1313, when peace was made at Munich.

While Rudolf retains the Electoral Palatinate, the treaty provides Louis with the opportunity to secure his election as German king when Henry of Luxembourg dies on August 24.

The question arises as to who will execute tutelage over the minor children of the late Lower Bavarian Dukes, thus also commanding the tremendous economic power of this region.

Their Upper Bavarian cousin, Duke Louis, is the choice within the several branches of the Bavarian line of the House of Wittelsbach, as well as the burghers of the Lower Bavarian cities.

The dukes’ widows and the local aristocracy prefer Duke Frederick I of Austria, the Fair, also Louis' cousin, both of whom had been raised and educated together in Vienna.

After Louis militarily occupies Landshut and Straubing, at this time the two most important towns of Bavaria,the ducal widows decide to call their children's Austrian cousin for assistance, although in the decade before, Lower Bavaria had bitterly fought Austria over lands, economic resources and sovereignty.

Finally, the decisive battle between Bavaria and Austria for control over these fertile and economically attractive lands is fought at Gammelsdorf on November 9, 1313.

The Upper Bavarians and troops deputized by the Lower Bavarian towns are led by Duke Louis, while the aristocracy and knighthood of Lower Bavaria and the Austrians are led by the Duke Frederick.

At the end of the day, Louis is victorious, the Austrians suffering a severe defeat.

Frederick is forced to renounce his tutelage over the Lower Bavarian dukes.

Louis, by his victory, brings to a halt for waht will be a long time the Habsburg quest to annex of parts of Bavaria.

Bursa had first fallen to the Seljuq Turks at the end of the eleventh century, but, beginning with the First Crusade in 1096, it had changed hands several times.

After the sack of Constantinople by Western crusaders in 1204, it had served as a center of Greek resistance.

In 1313, the Ottoman Turks lay siege to the city.

Ramachandra's successor Singhana III, in refusing to pay tribute to the Delhi Sultan Alauddin Khalji, challenges his supremacy.

Khalji sends Malik Kafur to recapture Devagiri in 1313.

Singhana III is killed in the ensuing battle and Khalji's army occupies Devagiri.

The Lyonnaise (the chief cities of which are Lyon, Saint-Étiénne, and Roanne) had been part of the Kingdom of Burgundy after the division of the Carolingian Empire The disintegration of Imperial control over the region, especially after the fall of the Hohenstaufen in 1254, had led to French encroachment in the region, and the Lyonnais is acquired in 1313 from the Holy Roman Empire by King Philip IV of France.

Lyonnais now often refers to the region surrounding Lyon, which had until the French takeover been controlled by its powerful archbishop.

Pope Celestine, who had been imprisoned by his successor until his death, is rehabilitated and canonized in 1313.

Henry is back in his stronghold of Pisa by March 1313, and from here he formally charges Robert of Naples with treason after Robert finally agrees to accept the office of the captain of the Guelph League.

By now his patience is at an end, and he orders that throughout Italy, all the inhabitants of all rebellious cities are to be captured, stripped and hanged for treason.

While he loiters in Pisa, waiting for reinforcements from Germany, he attacks Lucca, a traditional enemy of Pisa.

Henry now prepares for his next move; after taking as much money as he can from Pisa (Henry ultimately costs Pisa some two million florins), he begins his long delayed campaign against Robert of Naples on August 8, 1313.

His Italian allies are are loath to join him, so his army consists of some four thousand knights, while a fleet is prepared to attack Robert’s realm directly.