As part of his modernization plans, Jung…

As part of his modernization plans, Jung Bahadur commissions leading administrators and interpreters of texts on dharma to revise and codify the legal system of the nation into a single body of laws, a process that has not been carried out since the seventeenth century under Ram Shah of Gorkha.

The result is the fourteen-hundred-page Muluki Ain of 1854, a collection of administrative procedures and legal frameworks for interpreting civil and criminal matters, revenue collection, landlord and peasant relations, intercaste disputes, and marriage and family law.

In contrast to the older system, which had allowed execution or bodily mutilation for a wide range of offenses, the Muluki Ain severely limits—without abolishing—corporal punishment.

For example, the old system gave wide scope for blood vengeance by aggrieved parties, such as cucolded husbands, but the Muluki Ain restricts such opportunities.

Substitutions include confiscation of property or prison terms.