Philip IV and the Introduction of the…

Ram Khamhaeng, ruler of the new Thai dynasty in Sukhothai, had made himself the agent of Mongol interests, and in 1282-84 had eliminated the vestiges of Khmer and Cham power in what is today central Laos.

Ramkhamhaeng obtains the allegiance of the Lao kingdom of Muang Sua and the mountainous country to the northeast.

Panya Leng, king of Muang Sa, is overthrown n 1286 n a coup d'état led by his son Panya Khamphong, which is likely to have been supported by the regionally dominant Mongol Yuan Dynasty of China.

Kublai Khan plots a final Mongol invasion of Japan in 1286, but aborts the plan due to a lack of necessary resources.

Talabuga’s army, following the defeat in Hungary, had strayed in the Carpathian Mountains and lost horses due to cold weather.

Soon after that, Nogai makes him the khan of Jochid Ulus and overthrows the previous khan.

Talabuga shares his authority with his brother and cousins, who are sons of Mongke Temur Khan.

Their next raid clearly shows disagreements and tensions among them.

Talebuga decides in 1286 to organize a raid on Poland, and probably together with Nogai.

For this purpose, Talebuga arrives with the armies to Nogai's headquarters but there is "a great disagreement between them" and in the end Talebuga moves against Poland himself.

Khan Telebuga leaves part of his troops in Volodymyr (then capital of Galicia-Volhynia) and moves against Poland together with Rus' regiments.

Tatar-Rus' troops advance towards Cracow through Sandomierz and …

…Zawichost; the Mongols return with twenty thousand Polish captives.

Gregory Bar Hebraeus's scholarship and political tact significantly enhance the cultural exchange between the Christian and Muslim worlds.

In the midst of thirteenth-century Muslim rule, he follows a conciliatory policy, seeking tolerance from the Arabs, whom he serves as physician, and promoting rapport among disputing Christian groups.

A Syrian scholar noted for his encyclopedic learning in science and philosophy and for his enrichment of Syriac literature by the introduction of Arabic culture, Bar Hebraeus has traveled to libraries throughout Syria and Armenia.

These journeys have enabled him to compile collections of classical Arabic texts in philosophy and theology, which he transmits to posterity through his own copies, condensations, and Syriac translations.

His treatises on grammar, astronomy, mathematics, medicine, philosophy, theology, and history, have reinvigorating the Syriac language and made Islamic learning accessible to his fellow Jacobites.

Among his chief works is an encyclopedia of philosophy, He'wath hekkmtha (“The Butter of Wisdom”), in which he comments on every branch of human knowledge in the Aristotelian tradition.

Another is his Chronography, consisting of a secular history from the time of creation and an ecclesiastical history of the patriarchate of Antioch and the Eastern Jacobite church.

Born in Melitene, Armenia [now Malatya, Turkey] in 1226, Bar Hebraeus dies at sixty in Marageh, Iran.

Henry II of Cyprus, commanding a fleet, attacks Acre, defended by the late Charles' lieutenant Hugh Pelerin, and the city is captured on July 29, 1286.

Henry has himself crowned King of Jerusalem here on August 15, 1286, but returns to Cyprus and appoints his uncle Philip of Ibelin as Bailiff in his absence.

By this time, Acre is one of the few coastal cities remaining in the remnant of the Kingdom of Jerusalem.

The Battle of Meloria had greatly reduced the power of the Pisan Republic, which will never regain its leading role in the western Mediterranean.

Pisa had lost thousands of young men in the battle, causing a population collapse.

Pisa had also attacked by Florence and Lucca, and in 1286, Genoa takes Porto Pisano, the city's access to the sea, and fills up the harbor.

Despite the setback, Pisa will able to continue its territorial expansion in Tuscany some decades afterwards, thanks to Guido da Montefeltro and Henry VII, Holy Roman Emperor.

The Guelph-dominated Republic of Siena allows exiled Ghibelline rebels back into the city in 1286.

The Sicilian situation changes with the death of Peter III on November 11, 1286, in that his kingdoms have been divided between his two oldest sons: Alfonso III of Aragon, who has received the crown of Aragon, and James II of Aragon, who has succeeded as King of Sicily.

Honorius IV acknowledges neither the one nor the other: on April 11, 1286, he solemnly excommunicates King James II of Sicily and the bishops who had taken part in his coronation at Palermo on February 2.

Neither the king nor the bishops concern themselves about the excommunication.

The king even sends a hostile fleet to the Roman coast and destroys the city of Astura by fire.