Most of Palestine had again become Muslim…
January 1240 CE
Most of Palestine had again become Muslim following the capture of Jerusalem in 1187 by the Kurdish general Saladin, who had gained control of Egypt in 1169 and founded the Ayyubid dynasty.
The Ayyubids, zealous Sunnite Muslims seeking to convert Muslim Shi'ites and Christians, have introduced into Egypt and Jerusalem the madrasah, an academy of religious sciences.
Further attempts by the crusaders to regain control of Palestine have proven ineffective, primarily because of incessant quarrels among the crusaders themselves.
The Christians have regained Jerusalem, but still have only toeholds in Asia, surrounded as they are by the Ayyubids and, to the north, the latest incarnation of the amorphous Christian Kingdom of Armenia.
The ten-year treaty secured from Sultan al-Kamil of Egypt by Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II in the diplomatic effort known as the Sixth Crusade has precipitated much disorder in the Holy Land, resulting in the renewal in 1239 of Muslim-Christian hostilities and in a small, poorly organized crusade led initially by Theobald I of Navarre, then by Richard of Cornwall, the wealthy second son of King John of England.
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