Naram Sin, the third successor and possible…

Dudu, reigning for twenty-one years, is followed in 2169 BCE by Shu-turul, the last king of Akkad according to the Sumerian king list, whose reign apparently occurs during a prolonged drought in the region from the Aegean to the Indus, possibly triggered by volcanic eruptions elsewhere.

Akkad is finally conquered by the Guti.

Naram Sin’s influence extends west into Syria and east as far as Susa in present-day Iran.

Shustar, the eleventh king of the Awan dynasty of Elam, enters into treaty relations with the great Naram-Sin of Akkad.

Naram-Sin, who, according to contemporary inscriptions, rivals his long-ruling putative grandfather Sargon as a conqueror, assumes the title king of the four quarters of the earth; that is, of the universe.

He dies in 2154, and is succeeded by Shar-kali-sharri, who rules until about 2193 as Akkad's fifth king.

The Heracleopolis-based Ninth dynasty, descended from a pharaoh named Akhtoy, emerges as a kingdom separate from the disintegrated Memphite kingdom, consolidating Lower Egypt from their capital in Herakleopolis Magna.

Qakare Ibi, one of the kings of the succeeding Eighth Dynasty, builds a small pyramid at southern Saqqarah.

Shar-Kali-Sharri, who had ascended the throne of Akkad around 2155 BCE, reigns for twenty-five years, after which there seems to have been a short period of chaos: The Sumerian list of kings states:
“Then who was king? Who was the king? Igigi, Imi, Nanum, Ilulu: four of them ruled for only three years.”

The Akkadian Empire had began to crumble during the reign of Shar-kali-sharri from the invasion of mountain tribesmen called the Guti, who infiltrate Akkad from the region between the Tigris and the Zagros Mountains to the east.

The Guti may be an Indo-European speaking people, possibly related linguistically to the Tocharians or to the modern Kurdish people, or may be speakers of a Caucasian tongue.

Dudu, becoming king in about 2130, ends the period of relative anarchy.

Naram-Sin, King of Akkad, dies in 2135 BCE and is succeeded by his son, Shar-Kali-Sharri.

A second separate Egyptian kingdom is established in Wasat (Thebes), in competition with the Ninth dynasty.

In the meantime, the rival Thebes line, known as the Eleventh dynasty, reunites Upper Egypt; a clash between the two rival dynasties is inevitable.

Zawy, or Syut (modern Asyut), is established on the west bank of the Nile as the capital of the Thirteenth Nome of Upper Egypt.

During the First Intermediate Period—comprising the Seventh, Eighth, Ninth, Tenth and Eleventh (Thebes only) dynasties—that follows the collapse of the Old Kingdom, the rulers of Zawty— Khety I, Itefibi, and Khety II—are supporters of the Herakleopolitan kings, of whose domain the nome forms the southern limits.

The conflict between this nome and the southern nomes under the rule of the Eleventh Dynasty ends with the victory of Thebes in 2125 and the decline of the city's importance.

The Eighth dynasty had succeeded the Seventh, and with its end in 2130, the Old Kingdom state collapses utterly.

Famine and violence are widespread; sharply increased numbers of burials in cemeteries bear witness to the consequent rise in the death rate.

The desiccation of northeastern Africa reaches a peak, producing conditions similar to those of modern times.