Northern Wei and Liang have continued to …
Years: 514 - 514
Northern Wei and Liang have continued to wage relatively minor border battles, with each side having gains and losses.
In 514, however, Xuanwu commissions Gao Zhao to launch a major attack against Liang's Yi Province (modern Sichuan and Chongqing).
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- Xianbei
- Tuoba
- Chinese (Han) people
- Northern Wei, Xianbei, or Tuoba Empire
- Liang Dynasty, Southern (Chinese dynasty)
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Vitalian marches again towards Constantinople in 514, this time gathering, in addition to his army, a fleet of two hundred vessels from the Black Sea ports, which sails down the Bosporus menacing the city from the sea as well.
Anastasius is further disquieted by riots in the city, which leave many casualties, and resolves to treat again with Vitalian.
Vitalian accepts, on the conditions of his nomination to the post of magister militum per Thracias and the receipt of ransom money and gifts worth in total five thousand pounds of gold for the release of Hypatius.
Anastasius also concedes the removal of the changes from the Trisagion, the restoration of the deposed Chalcedonian bishops, and the convocation of a general church council at Constantinople on July 1, 515.
Caesarius, bishop of Arles, had visited Pope Symmachus in 513 while being detained in Italy.
This meeting led to Symmachus being decorated with a pallium.
Based on this introduction, Caesarius later writes to Symmachus for help with establishing his authority, which Symmachus eagerly gives, according to William Klingshirn, "to gather outside support for his primacy."
Symmachus has provided money and clothing to the Catholic bishops of Africa and Sardinia who had been exiled by the rulers of the Arian Vandals.
He has also ransomed prisoners from upper Italy, and given them gifts of aid.
He dies at Rome on July 19, 514, after a sixteen-year reign and is succeeded by Hormisdas as the fifty-second pope.
Hormisdas was born at Frosinone, Campagna di Roma, Italy.
Before becoming a Roman deacon, Hormisdas was married, and his son will become pope under the name of Silverius.
During the Laurentian schism, Hormisdas had been one of the most prominent clerical partisans of Pope Symmachus.
He was notary at the synod held at St. Peter's in 502.
Two letters of Magnus Felix Ennodius, bishop of Pavia, survive addressed to him, written when the latter tried to regain horses and money he had lent the pope.
Unlike his predecessor, the election of Hormisdas lacked any notable controversies.
Upon becoming Pope, one of Hormisdas' first actions is to remove the last vestiges of the schism in Rome, receiving back into the Church those adherents of the Laurentian party who had not already been reconciled.
The account of his tenure in the Liber Pontificalis, as well as the overwhelming bulk of his surviving correspondence, is dominated by efforts to restore communion between the Sees of Rome and Constantinople caused by the Acacian schism, the consequence of the "Henoticon" of the Emperor Zeno and supported by his successor Anastasius, who had increasingly inclined towards Monophysitism and persecuted those bishops who refused to repudiate the Council of Chalcedon.
Cissa of Sussex becomes king of the South Saxons in 514 (approximate date) after the death of his father, Aele, according to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle.
Emperor Xuanwu dies suddenly in spring 515, and Yuan Xu succeeds him (as Emperor Xiaoming).
Yuan Cheng, Xuanwu's brother Yuan Yong the Prince of Gaoyang, and Yu Lie's son Yu Zhong seize power and, after recalling Gao, put him to death.
Xiaoming's mother Hu becomes empress dowager and regent.
Empress Dowager Hu is considered intelligent, capable of understanding many things quickly, but she is also overly lenient and tolerant of corruption.
For example, in winter 515, the corrupt governor of Qi Province (roughly modern Baoji, Shaanxi), Yuan Mi the Prince of Zhao, provokes a popular uprising when he kills several people without reason, and while he is relieved from his post, as soon as he returns to the capital, Luoyang, Empress Dowager Hu makes him a minister because his wife is her niece.
Pope Hormisdas and Anastasius continue to be at loggerheads over the Acacian Schism, and the proposed council never materializes, since neither of the deposed bishops are returned to their sees.
Empress Ariadne, wife of Anastasius, dies at Constantinople in this year and is buried in the Church of the Holy Apostles.
Seeing Anastasius failing to honor his promises, Vitalian mobilizes his army in late 515 and marches again towards Constantinople, capturing the suburb of Sycae (modern Galata) across the Golden Horn from the city and encamping there.
The two magistri militum praesentalis, Patricius and John, are unwilling to engage their old friend Vitalian, thus Anastasius gives command of his forces to the former praetorian prefect of the East, Marinus, a trusted and influential aide.
Despite his lack of military experience, Marinus defeats the rebel fleet in a battle at the entrance of the Golden Horn; according to the report of John Malalas, this is achieved through the use of a sulfur-based chemical substance invented by the philosopher Proclus of Athens, similar to the later Greek fire.
Marinus then lands with his men on the shore of Sycae and defeatsthe rebels he finds there.
Disheartened by the losses suffered, Vitalian and his army flee north under cover of night.
As a sign of his victory, Anastasius leads a procession to the village of Sosthenion, where Vitalian had established his headquarters, and attends a service of thanks at the famed local church dedicated to the Archangel Michael.
St. Maurice's Abbey is built on the ruins of a Roman shrine of the first century BCE to the god Mercury in the Roman staging-post of Agaunum, and first came to prominence as a result of a now disputed account by Saint Eucherius, Bishop of Lyon, who lived from about 380 to about 449).
Eucherius had experienced a revelation that convinced him of the martyrdom of a Roman legion, known as the "Theban Legion", under the leadership of Saint Maurice, around CE 285, in the area where the abbey is located.
The basilica of St. Maurice of Agaunum becomes the church of a monastery in 515 under the patronage of King Sigismund of Burgundy, the first ruler in his dynasty to convert from Arian Christianity to Trinitarian Christianity.
Sigismund had been a student of Avitus of Vienne, the Catholic bishop of Vienne who had converted Sigismund from the Arian faith of his Burgundian forebears.
Sigismund sets up five groups of monks to whom he entrusts the liturgy of the praise of God.
King Gundobad revives trial by combat as a solution to justice, establishing, in 501, judicial duel or trial by battle, the earliest form of the duel as a formal method of settling an argument or point of honor.
Gundobad is the likely promulgator of the Lex Burgundionum, a tribal code of the Burgundians, concerning marriage and inheritance as well as regulating weregild and other penalties (approximate date).
Interaction between Burgundians is treated separately from interaction between Burgundians and Gallo-Romans.
The oldest of the fourteen surviving manuscripts of the text dates to the ninth century, but the code's institution is ascribed to Gundobad , with a possible revision by his successor Sigismund.
The Raid of Hygelac (Chlochilaicus) and His Defeat by the Franks (c. 516 CE)
According to Gregory of Tours’ History of the Franks, Hygelac, king of the Geats (known in Beowulf as Beowulf's uncle and overlord), led a raid on the Lower Rhine, only to be defeated by a Frankish army commanded by Theudebert, the son of King Theuderic I of the Merovingian Frankish Kingdom.
The Historical Context of Hygelac’s Raid
- Hygelac's attack was likely part of the Scandinavian coastal raids that targeted the Frankish realm during the early sixth century.
- He led his forces into Frisia, likely aiming to plunder Frankish settlements along the Lower Rhine.
- The Franks, under the leadership of Theudebert, responded swiftly, defeating and killing Hygelac.
Dating Hygelac’s Death (c. 516 CE)
- The Danish king Chlochilaicus, mentioned in Gregory’s account, is widely identified with Hygelac.
- N. F. S. Grundtvig, a Danish historian and philologist, used this raid to date Hygelac’s death to around 516 CE.
- The event aligns with the reign of Theuderic I (d. 534 CE), son of Clovis I, further supporting this timeframe.
Conflicting Identities: Geat, Dane, or Gothic King?
- Gregory of Tours calls Chlochilaicus "king of the Danes", suggesting a possible Danish connection to Hygelac.
- In the Liber Monstrorum, he is referred to as "rex Getarum" (king of the Getae), which in medieval sources often referred to the Goths or could be confused with the Geats of Scandinavia.
- The Liber Historiae Francorum calls him "rege Gotorum" (king of the Goths), which may indicate later scribal confusion between the Geats, Goths, and Getae.
The Frankish Victory and the Fate of Hygelac’s Army
- Theudebert, leading the Frankish counterattack, defeats and kills Hygelac during the raid.
- The surviving Geatish raiders are either killed, captured, or forced to retreat.
- This marks one of the earliest recorded Scandinavian raids on the Frankish territories, foreshadowing the later Viking incursions centuries later.
Hygelac’s Place in History and Legend
- Hygelac appears in Beowulf as a historical figure, supporting the idea that the poem preserves historical memory of real events.
- His defeat by the Franks aligns with early medieval accounts of Scandinavian activity along the coasts of Europe.
- Though some sources mistakenly associate him with the Goths or Danes, the core event of his raid and death remains well-documented in Frankish sources.
This raid represents one of the earliest known conflicts between the Franks and Scandinavian raiders, illustrating how Scandinavian warbands had begun testing their strength against the wealthier, Christianized kingdoms of mainland Europe—a trend that would intensify in later centuries with the Viking Age.
Emperor Wu of the Liang becomes a Buddhist and introduces the new religion to central China.
He demands that sacrifices to imperial ancestors be changed to using dried meat, instead of the traditional animals (goats, pigs and cows).
King Sigismund of Burgundy is opposed by his son Sigeric, who also insults his new wife, and has him strangled.
Overcome with remorse, he retreats to the monastery that he founded, St. Maurice's Abbey.
Years: 514 - 514
Locations
People
Groups
- Xianbei
- Tuoba
- Chinese (Han) people
- Northern Wei, Xianbei, or Tuoba Empire
- Liang Dynasty, Southern (Chinese dynasty)
