...Norway loses the two provinces Jämtland, which…

Poyarkov’s party works their way up the Sea of Okhotsk coast to the Ulia River in the spring, and spend the next winter in the huts that had been built by Ivan Moskvitin six years earlier.

Pyarkov’s party follows Moskvitin's route along the Maya River back to Yakutsk in spring 1646, arriving almost exactly three years after they left.

Van der Stel secures the shipment of ninety-five more enslaved people from Madagascar, before being transferred to Ceylon.

His replacement is Jacob Van der Meersh.

The latter in 1645, brings in one hundred and eight more enslaved Malagasys.

The Sultanate of Lahej from 1645 rules Aden under suzerainty of the Zaidi imams of Yemen.

The Tuscan port city of Livorno succeeds in attracting Jews from Spain, Brazil, Holland, and North Africa from about 1645.

Blaise Pascal, a child prodigy who has been educated by his father, a tax collector in Rouen, is still a teenager in 1642 when he starts some pioneering work on calculating machines and after three years of effort and fifty prototypes, he invents the mechanical calculator, a toothed wheel device.

He will in the following ten years build twenty of these machines (called the Pascaline).

The Confederates receive modest subsidies from the monarchies of France and Spain, who want to recruit troops in Ireland but their main continental support comes from the Papacy.

Pope Innocent X strongly supports Confederate Ireland, over the objections of Mazarin and the Queen, Henrietta Maria, who in 1644 had moved to Paris.

Innocent had received the Confederation's envoy in February 1645 and resolved to send a nuncio extraordinary to Ireland, Giovanni Battista Rinuccini, archbishop of Fermo, who had embarked from La Rochelle with the Confederacy's secretary, Richard Bellings.

He had taken with him a large quantity of arms and military supplies and a very large sum of money.

These supplies mean that Rinuccini has a big influence on the Confederate's internal politics; he is backed by the more militant Confederates such as Owen Roe O'Neill.

Rinuccini is received at Kilkenny with great honors, asserting that the object of his mission is to sustain the King, but above all to help the Catholic people of Ireland in securing the free and public exercise of the Catholic religion, and the restoration of the churches and church property, but not any former monastic property.

D'Aulnay himself had returned to France to inform the government of La Tour's treason.

The court had in the spring of 1644 declared La Tour outside the law.

Several hundred people are living in Port-Royal by 1645, including Capucins, who have established a monastery here.

Capucins are also found in Acadia, in La Hève (near present day Lunenburg), ...