Nurhaci, having unified all Jurchen tribes except…

The Zeewulf, a Java-bound Dutch vessel, views some of Australia’s northern coast in 1618, making landfall north of Eendrachtsland.

A second British East India Company voyage, commanded by Sir Henry Middleton, reached the islands of Ternate, Tidore, Ambon, and Banda in 1604. In Banda, the expedition encountered fierce hostility from the Dutch East India Company (VOC), marking the beginning of Anglo-Dutch competition for control over the lucrative spice trade.

Between 1611 and 1617, the English established trading posts in Sukadana (southwest Kalimantan) and other key locations, further intensifying their commercial rivalry with the Dutch in the region. Posts include: ...

...Makassar, ...

...Jakarta and ...

...Jepara in Java, and ...

...Aceh, ...

...Pariaman and ...

...Jambi in Sumatra, all of which threaten Dutch ambitions for a monopoly on East Indies trade.

...occupying Fushun, ...

...Qinghe and other cities, then withdraws.

The death of Ming Vice-General Zhang Chengyin stuns the Ming court.