Louis-Napoléon is proclaimed hereditary emperor of the…
December 1852 CE
The numbering of Napoleon's reign treats Napoleon II, who never actually ruled, as a true Emperor (he had been briefly recognized as emperor from June 22 to July 7, 1815).
This same year, Napoleon III begins shipping political prisoners and criminals to penal colonies such as Devil's Island or (in milder cases) New Caledonia.