Peter Vischer the Elder, a master of…

The death of Vijayanagara’s capable ruler Tuluva Narasa Nayaka in 1503 had resulted in feudatories rising in rebellion throughout the empire.

Tuluva Narasa Nayaka’s eldest son, rules two years before being assassinated.

Vira Narasimha Raya, the next eldest son, succeeds his brother in 1505 and spends all of his four year reign fighting rebel warlords.

Following his death, apparently from illness, his younger half-brother Krishna Deva Raya is crowned on July 26, 1509, the date that the birth of the Hindu God Krishna is celebrated.

The rule of Krishna Deva Raya marks a period of much military success in Vijayanagara history.

On occasion, the king is known to change battle plans abruptly and turn a losing battle into victory.

The first decade of his rule is one of long sieges, bloody conquests and victories.

He reorganizes the army and recruits troops from several south Indian communities in order to make his cavalry more efficient.

His main enemies are the Bahmani Sultans (who, though divided into five small kingdoms, remain a constant threat), the Gajapatis of Odisha, who have been involved in constant conflict since the rule of Vijayanarara emperor Saluva Narasimha Deva Raya, and the Portuguese, a rising maritime power that is rapidly gaining control of much of the sea trade.

The feudal chiefs of Ummattur, the Reddys of Kondavidu and the Velaas of Bhuvanagiri, who have rebelled against Vijayanagar rule are conquered and subdued.

The annual raid and plunder of Vijayanagar towns and villages by the Deccan sultanates will come to an end during the Raya's rule.

He defeats the last remnant of the Bahmani Sultanate, precipitating its collapse.

In 1509 Krishnadevaraya's armies clash with the Sultan of Bijapur at Diwani and the Sultan Mahmud is severely injured and defeated.

Yusuf Adil Shah is killed and the fertile Raichur Doab triangle is annexed.

Taking advantage of the victory and the disunity of the Bahamani Sultans, the Raya invades Bidar, Gulbarga and Bijapur and earns the title "founder of the Yavana kingdom" when he releases Sultan Mahmud and makes him de facto ruler.

The title advertises the boast that he is now the political arbiter of all the Deccan.

The Sultan of Golconda, Sultan Quli Qutb Shah, is defeated by Timmarusu, Krishna Deva Raya’s prime minister.

The Bahmani dynasty believes that they descend from Bahman, a legendary king of Iran.

The Bahamani Sultans are patrons of the Persian language, culture and literature, and some members of the dynasty had become well-versed in that language and composed its literature in that language.

The most important personality of the Bidar period of the Bahmani sultanate was Mahmud Gawan, who served several sultans as prime minister and general from 1461 to 1481.

He had reconquered Goa, which had been captured by the rulers of Vijayanagar, thereby extending the sultanate from coast to coast.

Gawan also introduced remarkable administrative reforms and controlled many districts directly, thus very much improving the state’s finances, but his competent organization ended with his execution, ordered by the sultan as the result of a court intrigue.

After realizing his mistake, the sultan drank himself to death within the year, thus marking the beginning of the end of the Bahmani sultanate.

After Gawan’s death the various factions at the sultan’s court had begun a struggle for power that ends only with the dynasty itself: indigenous Muslim courtiers and generals are ranged against the ‘aliens’—Arabs, Turks and Persians.

The last sultan, Mahmud Shah, no longer has any authority and has presides over the dissolution of his realm as Sri Krishnadevaraya of Vijayanagar defeats the last remnant of Bahmani power.

The governors of the four most important provinces had declared their independence from the Bahmani ruler one after another: Bijapur (1489), Ahmadnagar (1490), Berar (1490), Bidar (1492) and Golconda (1512).

Although the Bahmani sultans will live on in Bidar until 1527, they are mere puppets in the hands of the real rulers of Bidar, the Barid Shahis, who use them so as to put pressure on the other usurpers of Bahmani rule.

The Bidar Sultanate was founded in 1492 by Qasim Barid, a Turkmen from Georgia who had joined the service of the Bahmani sultan Muhammad Shah III.

Beginning his career as a sar-naubat, he later became the mir-jumla (prime minister) of the Bahmani sultanate and during the reign of Mahmud Shah became the de facto ruler.

After his death in 1504, his son Amir Barid became the prime minister and controlled the administration of the Bahmani sultanate.

The city of Vijayapura owes much of its greatness to Yusuf Adil Shah, the founder of the independent state of Bijapur.

Ruled by the kings of the Adil Shahi dynasty, Bijapur has proved to be the most expansive of the successor states to Bahmani.

Embroiled in incessant fighting on the Deccan, …

…Bijapur had lost Goa to the Portuguese in 1510 and has been unable to regain this port.

Quli Qutb Shah, a Turkmen from Hamadan, had migrated to Delhi with some of his relatives and friends in the beginning of the sixteenth century, later migrating south to the Deccan and serving the Bahmani sultan.

After the disintegration of the Bahmani Sultanate into the five Deccan sultanates, he had declared independence in 1512 and taken the title Qutb Shah, establishing the Qutb Shahi dynasty of Golconda.

Sultan Quli, a contemporary of Krishana Deva Raya and his younger brother Achyuta Deva Raya of the Vijayanagara empire, has extended his rule by capturing forts at Warangal, …

…Kondapalli, …

…Eluru, and …

…Rajahmundry, while Krishnadevaraya is busy fighting the ruler of Odisha.

Quli Qutb Shah defeats Sitapati Raju (known as Shitab Khan), the ruler of Khammam, and captures the fort, eventually forcing Odisha's ruler to surrender all the territories between the mouths of Krishna and Godavari rivers.