Philopœmon installs a blockade of Sparta, then…

The Romans have on several occasions sent ambassadors demanding that Antiochus stay out of Europe and set free all the autonomous communities in Asia Minor.

To meet these demands would mean the actual dissolution of the western part of the Seleucid Empire, and Antiochus thus refuses.

When the Romans show little interest in compromise, Antiochus accepts the invitation of Rome's former allies, the Aetolians, who feel they had not been duly rewarded with additional territory after the victory over Philip, to liberate the Greeks.

Relying on the Aetolians, Antiochus lands in Demetrias in the autumn of 192 with only ten thousand five hundred men and occupies Euboea.

When Antiochus refuses to withdraw, …

...Flamininus announces that Rome's next mission is the liberation of the Greek cities of Asia.

The Romans, having defeated the Carthaginians in Iberia, battle fierce resistance from the Iberians themselves, especially in the north.

Cato, having become plebeian aedile in Sicily in 199 and, a praetor, governing Sardinia, had become consul with Lucius Valerius Flaccus in 195.

Fighting in Spain, he had organized its provincial administration.

A well established city located on steep bluffs above the Tagus River, about forty miles (seventy kilometers) southwest of present Madrid, falls to Rome in 192.

As Toletum (present Toledo), it becomes the provincial capital of Carpentia.

The presence of Hannibal and the sound advice he has given concerning the conduct of Syria’s war with Rome have become a source of embarrassment, and he is sent to raise and command a fleet for Antiochus in the Phoenician cities.

Inexperienced as Hannibal is in naval matters, he is defeated by the Roman fleet off Side, in Pamphylia.

The government of Ptolemy V issues a coin weighing almost one ounce (twenty-seven point seventy-one grams), about six times the weight of most ancient gold coins, which weigh about four and a half grams.

Minted in Alexandria and dating to 191 BCE, the coin, right, is only the second gold Ptolemaic coin ever found in Israel.

The coin's denomination is referred to by numismatists as a "mnaieion," meaning a one-mina coin, and is equivalent to one hundred silver drachms, or a mina of silver.

The obverse portrays Queen Arsinoe II Philadelphus.

The reverse, or 'tail,' illustrates two "overlapping cornucopias decorated with fillets," according to Dr. Donald T. Ariel, head of the Coin Department of the Israel Antiquities Authority (IAA), who stated that the coin, wedged in an ancient kitchen wall at the Tel Kedesh site near the Lebanon border, and discovered in June 2010 by a combined university research team in Israel, ranked in the top five of the rarest finds in that country's history.

Antiochus finds little support in central Greece.

Roman legions under the command of Manius Acilius Glabrio, numbering more than twenty thousand troops, cut him off from his reinforcements in Thrace in 191 and outflank his position at the pass of Thermopylae (in Greece), which Aetolian forces have failed to hold. (Cato the Elder is among those fighting in the east.)

Antiochus flees with the remainder of his troops to …

…Chalcis on Euboea and from here by sea to Ephesus, where his fleet is wiped out by the combined naval forces of Rome, Rhodes, and Pergamon.

Antiochus returns home to gather a larger army.

The Achaean League, still seeking to dominate the entire Peloponnesus, annexes Elis and …

…Messene and …

…in 191 crushes a Spartan revolt.

Achaean general Philopœmon, however, had neglected to obtain Roman permission to quell the rebellious Spartans, causing tension between Rome and the League.