Royal spies uncover Turkish preparations for a…

The Afar leader Kedafu, head of the Mudaito clan, seizes power in Aussa in 1734 and establishes the Mudaito Dynasty.

This marks the start of a new and more sophisticated polity that will last into the colonial period as the
Sultanate of Aussa.

At least twenty-five major outbreaks of yellow fever tak place in the Americas during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, including particularly serious ones in Cartagena, Chile, in 1741; Cuba in 1762 and 1900; Santo Domingo in 1803; and Memphis, Tennessee, in 1878.

French explorers in the early eighteenth century encounter the Natchitoche in northern Louisiana.

They are followed by fur traders from outposts along the Gulf Coast, and later by missionaries from France and Spain, who also travel among the people.

The Europeans carry infections such as smallpox and measles, because these are endemic in their societies.

As the Caddo peoples have no acquired immunity to such new diseases, they suffer epidemics with high fatalities that decimate the tribal populations.

Influenza and malaria also devastate the Caddo.

French traders build forts with trading posts near Caddo villages, that already are important hubs in the Great Plains trading network.

These stations attract more French and other European settlers.

Among such settlements are the present-day communities of Elysian Fields and Nacogdoches, Texas, and ...

...Natchitoches, Louisiana. 

In the latter two towns, early explorers and settlers keep the original Caddo names of the villages.

The four independent bands of the Caddoan-speaking Pawnee established villages of large, earth lodge dwellings adjacent to their maize fields along the Platte River in present-day Nebraska during the historic period. Their seasonal cycle alternated between agricultural work in permanent villages and semi-annual migrations to hunt Plains bison herds, with sophisticated food storage systems ensuring year-round sustenance.

The name "Pawnee" may derive from various sources, possibly including Siouan terms, though its exact etymology remains debated among scholars. The Pawnee called themselves "Chahiksichahiks" or similar variants, meaning approximately "men of men."

Pawnee religious life centered on a complex star-based cosmology directed by an organized priesthood. Their spiritual system taught that cosmic forces, particularly stellar bodies, governed earthly affairs, with village chiefs receiving guidance from specific celestial patrons who provided sacred bundles containing ritual objects.

Among their many ceremonies was the Morning Star ritual, a sacred practice of profound religious significance that involved human sacrifice and was connected to their creation beliefs and agricultural renewal. This ceremony reflected deep theological concepts about reciprocity with cosmic forces, though it generated internal debate among the Pawnee themselves and would be discontinued by the mid-19th century as part of broader cultural changes during the colonial period.

By the 1870s, pressure from U.S. authorities and cultural transformation would lead to the Pawnee's removal from their ancestral Nebraska homeland to reservations in Indian Territory (present-day Oklahoma).

The final victory as a conclusion to the revolt is the Qing government's conquest of the Kingdom of Tungning on Taiwan.

Kangxi, having by 1683 stopped all attempts of negotiations with Taiwan, sends Admiral Shi Lang with a force of nearly one hundred thousand men and six hundred warships to invade the island.

Shilang attempts to attack Penghu before a major hurricane strikes but is driven back by the Tungning naval commander Liu Guoxuan.

After the hurricane, Shi Lang regroups his forces and strikes again in October.

As the battle at sea rages on, almost sixty thousand Qing soldiers rush ashore under the cover of cannon fire.

The defenders use their cannons and arrows to stop the Qing forces but there are simply too many.

Led by several skilled generals, the Qing forces break through Liu's defenses and attack his base.

The victorious Qing forces burn it down and raised the Qing flag on the highest flagpole.

After surrendering, Liu is about to commit suicide, but he is stopped by Shi Lang.

They have a brief talked about the battle and Liu is released.

With the destruction of Liu's fleet, Penghu surrenders and Tungning soldiers desert in droves.

It becomes obvious to the court on Taiwan that they are now defenseless.

Zheng Keshuang and his court formally surrender a few days later to the Qing Empire, ending the Tungning kingdom.

The Empire of the Qing Dynasty, in addition to the recently-acquired Taiwan, now includes Outer Mongolia, ...

...Chinese Turkestan (modern Xinjiang Province) and ...

...Tibet, approximating the extent of modern China.