Carl Gustaf Mosander discovers the element lanthanum…
1839 CE
Carl Gustaf Mosander discovers the element lanthanum as the oxide (lanthana) in 1839, distinguishing it from cerium oxide, or ceria, after partially decomposing a sample of cerium nitrate by heating and treating the resulting salt with dilute nitric acid.
He names the element for Greek lanthanein, to be concealed, indicating that it is difficult to isolate.
Mosander, who had worked as a teacher of chemistry at the Karolinska Institute and as an assistant in the mineralogical collection of the Swedish Museum of Natural History, had been a chemistry student of Berzelius during his medical studies, and in 1836 had succeeded him as professor of chemistry and pharmacy in the Institute.
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The New Zealand Company (the first to bear the name) had formed in London in 1825 and sent out settlers, led by Captain James Herd, to the Hokianga in the far north of New Zealand.
The company's investors hoped for large profits, convinced there were fortunes to be made from New Zealand flax, kauri timber, whaling and sealing, but little of permanence had come of the venture.
In 1837, Edward Gibbon Wakefield had persuaded a group of notable men to join him in the New Zealand Association to promote the settlement of New Zealand.
As early as 1829, while in prison for abducting a fifteen-year-old heiress, he had published a pamphlet promoting the colonizing of Australasia.
Wakefield's plan entailed the company buying land from the indigenous residents very cheaply and then selling it to speculators and "gentleman settlers" for a much higher sum.
The emigrants would provide the labor to break in the gentlemens' lands and cater to their employers' everyday needs.
They would eventually be able to buy their own land, but low rates of pay would ensure they first labored for many years.
However, they had encountered strong opposition in London from the Colonial Minister and from the Church Missionary Society, and the Association had lapsed.
The following year, however, several of the intending colonists had formed a joint stock company.
Former members of the New Zealand Association join them and obtain a charter for the New Zealand Land Colonisation Company in 1839.
Once again, Wakefield provides the driving impetus.
The British, concerned over Wakefield’s dispatch of a survey party to purchase Maori lands and suspicious of increasing French activity on South Island, appoint naval captain William Hobson lieutenant governor of New Zealand, still a part of the New South Wales colony.
Events start to push the politicians towards a declaration of British sovereignty over New Zealand.
The officers of the New Zealand Company know that such a declaration, if that were to happen, would involve a freeze on all land sales pending the establishment of effective British control.
They have other plans, which involve treating New Zealand as a foreign country and buying the land directly from the Maori, knowing they can get a better deal that way.
George Grey returns to Western Australia in 1839 and is again wrecked with his party at Kalbarri; they are the first Europeans to see the Gascoyne River but must then walk to ...
...Perth, surviving the journey through the efforts of Maigo, a Whadjuk Noongar, who organizes food and what water can be found (they survive by drinking liquid mud).
At about this time, Grey becomes one of the few Europeans to learn the Noongar language of southwest Western Australia.
In February 1825, Minh Mạng had banned missionaries from entering Vietnam.
French vessels entering Vietnamese harbors were ordered to be searched with extra care.
Between 1833 and 1838, seven missionaries had been sentenced to death, among them Pierre Borie, Joseph Marchand, and Jean-Charles Cornay.
Minh Mạng had first attempted to stifle the spread of Christianity by attempting to isolate Catholic priests and missionaries from the populace.
Asserted that he had no French interpreters after Jean-Baptiste Chaigneau's departure in 1826, he had summoned the French clergy to Hue and appointed them as mandarins of high rank to woo them from their proselytizing.
This had worked until a priest, Father Regereau, entered the country and began missionary work.
Following the edict which forbade further entry of missionaries into Vietnam, arrests of clerics began.
After strong lobbying by Duyệt, the governor of Cochin China, and a close confidant of Gia Long and Pigneau de Behaine, Minh Mạng agreed to release the priests on the condition that they congregate at Đà Nẵng and return to France.
The seat of the Governor-General of Western Siberia is moved to Omsk in the 1820s or 1830s.
Bowing to the city's authority, many Siberian towns, including Omsk, ...
The accusation of ritual murder by the Jews is again raised in the 1830s in Ukraine.
Facing severe economic hardship and social upheaval, tens of thousands of Jews have migrated to the cities, especially Odessa on the Russian Black Sea coast.
In their new urban environments, the restless and highly literate Jews clamor for the liberalization of tsarist rule.
...Tomsk, and ...
...Tyumen, have their original arms display the Tobolsk insignia.
Omsk honors the legacy to this day.
The opposition to Jewish liberalization, led by the Orthodox rabbis called Mitnaggedim (”opponents”), had remained firm until the 1830s, when the spread of Haskala, the Jewish Enlightenment, in Eastern Europe had presented both Hasidim and Mitnaggedim with a common enemy.
Vienna exports the Viennese Waltz to the rest of Europe.
Johann Strauss has become one of the best-known and well-loved dance composers in Vienna, the center of popular dance music in this era, by the end of the 1830s, touring with his band to Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, England, and Scotland.
Johann will eventually pass the conducting reins and management of this 'Strauss Orchestra' to the hands of his sons variously until its disbandment by Eduard Strauss in 1901.
Tragedy had struck the family of seven-year-old Johann Strauss in 1811 when his mother died of 'creeping fever'.
When he was twelve, his father Franz Borgias (who had since remarried) had been discovered drowned in the Danube River.
His stepmother had sought to place him as an apprentice to a bookbinder Johann Lichtscheidl, but he had taken lessons in the violin and viola in addition to fulfilling his apprenticeship in 1822.
He had also studied music with Johann Polischansky during his apprenticeship and eventually managed to secure a place in a local orchestra of Michael Pamer, which he eventually left in order to join a popular string quartet known as the Lanner Quartet formed by his would-be rival, Austrian dance music composer Josef Lanner, and the Drahanek brothers, Karl and Johann.
This string quartet, which played Viennese waltzes and rustic German dances, had expanded into a small string orchestra in 1824.
Lanner, self-taught on the violin, had been one of the first Viennese composers to reform the waltz from a simple peasant dance to something that even the highest society could enjoy, either as an accompaniment to the dance or for the music's own sake.
Such is the success of his orchestra that it has become a regular feature in many Vienna Carnivals, popularly known in the local dialect as the Fasching.
Strauss had eventually become deputy conductor of the orchestra to assist Lanner in commissions after it had become so popular during the Fasching of 1824.
Lanner had already been fast gaining a reputation at the end of the 1825 Carnival season and Strauss had grown frustrated at having to deputize when necessary; as a result, his works had not been getting the recognition he thought it deserved.
In the same year, Strauss had parted company with Lanner after a concert at one of the Viennese dance establishments, 'Zum Schwarzen Bock' or the 'Black Ram'.
Lanner allowed his soon-to-be rival Strauss I to deputize in a second, smaller orchestra that had been formed in 1832 that to meet the busy schedule of the Carnival activities.
Lanner and Strauss have worked together often despite having severed their partnership and have even given a benefit concert for their former employer, Michael Pamer, who had been taken ill in 1826 at the same establishment where they had separated.
Strauss and Lanner also had accepted the award of the Freedom of the City of Vienna in 1836 and jointly taken the Citizen's Oath.
The music-loving Viennese, however, champion both of these two popular dance music composers, and individuals generally identify themselves as 'Lannerianer' or 'Straussianer'.
In fact, it is believed that the ruling Habsburg dynasty is anxious to divert its Viennese populace from politics and the revolutionary ideas that are feverishly sweeping Europe, with many cities preparing to overthrow any unpopular monarch.
The answer could be to distract the population with music and entertainment, and the musical positions that both Lanner and Strauss hold had soon been seen to be very important.
Lanner himself has been appointed to the coveted post of Musik-Direktor of the Redoutensäle in the Imperial Hofburg, of which his primary duties are to conduct concerts held in honor of the nobility and to compose new works for the Court orchestra.