The British, in 1937, add the Phoenix…

Burma receives a constitution from Britain in 1937; making Burma a separate nation with Rangoon as its capital.

Japan, using a Chinese-Japanese military clash at the Marco Polo bridge near Beijing as a pretext launches a full-scale invasion of China in July 1937 with attacks on Chinese ports.

The KMT government evacuates Nanjing.

US president Roosevelt responds in October by speaking of the need “to quarantine the agressors”, a call to which the largely isolationist US citizenry responds negatively.

During the Great Purge of 1936-38, the original Uzbek Communist elite, a relatively small class of intelligentsia and leaders, have been liquidated and replaced by loyal Stalinists.

There are 1771 seats for the Provincial Assemblies.

Although both the Muslim League and the Congress had rejected the Act of 1935, they decide to contest the elections.

After the elections, provincial chief ministers and cabinets take office, although the governors have limited "emergency powers." At the center, the act essentially provides for the establishment of a dyarchy, but it also provides for a federal system that includes the princes.

The princes refuse to join a system that might force them to accept decisions made by elected politicians.

Thus, the full provisions of the 1935 act do not come into force at the center.

The results of the elections are shocking for both the Muslims of India and for the Muslim League, who do not receive substantial support from their potential voters.

The Congress manages to get a clear majority in five provinces, orders the hoisting of their flag on government buildings, and makes the singing of the Bande Mataram compulsory in the legislatures.

In November, 1937, Hitler outlines his war plans to the German General Staff; those who object are promptly dismissed.

The Soviets eventually intervene in the Spanish Civil War, supplying limited military aid to the Republican forces.

Soon Stalin, however, for reasons that are unclear, conducts a violent purge of the Spanish extreme left, including Anarchists, Syndicalists, and Trotskyites.

An Arab National Congress, held in Bludan, Syria, in September 1937 and attended by 450 delegates from Arab countries, categorically rejects the partition proposed by the Peel Commission.

Romania's King Carol, though previously a supporter of the National Peasants Party (led by Iuliu Maniu), appoints Octavian Goga, a former leader in the fascist Iron Guard, to form a government: it lasts only seven weeks.

Despite official persecution and its own terror tactics, the fascist Iron Guard—now renamed the All for the Fatherland Party—has by 1937 become the third largest party in the state ...

South African novelist Stuart Cloete begins his life-long exploration of race relations through old-fashioned storytelling in his first novel, “Turning Wheels” (1937), about the Voortrekkers.

Neither the Egyptian public nor the politicians had shown much interest in Arab affairs generally until the postwar period; Egyptian nationalism has developed as an indigenous response to local conditions.

After 1936, however, Egypt becomes involved in the Palestine problem.

The Spanish Republicans, divided into Socialists, Anarchists and Communists, often fight among themselves as Franco’s army advances slowly into the industrial provinces of the east.

Hitler and Mussolini send planes in aid of the Nationalists; Stalin sends military equipment to the Loyalists.

Britain and France, fearing a general war and largely unsympathetic to the republican cause, forbid the shipments of war materiel to the republic while the US maintains strict neutrality.

Thousands of anti-Fascist volunteers, organized in Britain and the US with help from the Soviet Comintern, fight in Spain on the Republican side.

Italy, in 1937, joins Germany and Japan in the anti-Comintern Pact signed the previous year.