The danger to Rhodes from Demetrius the…

Hellenic culture heavily influences the Getae, especially the ruling class, from about 300 BCE.

One Basileus Dromichaites, having organized the Getae of the Lower Danube into a state by about 300 BCE, repulses an attack by Lysimachus.

Hereafter, native Getian leaders protect the coastal urban centers that have developed from Greek colonies.

Agathocles is sent by his father against the Getae in about 292 BCE but is defeated and taken prisoner.

He is kindly treated by Dromichaetes, and sent back to his father with presents; but Lysimachus, notwithstanding, marches against the Getae, and is taken prisoner himself.

He too is also released by Dromichaetes, who received in consequence the daughter of Lysimachus in marriage.

According to some authors it was only Agathocles and according to others only Lysimachus, who was taken prisoner.

Antiochus is appointed co-regent in 292 BCE, when an invasion of nomads threatens the eastern possessions of his father's realm (between the Caspian and Aral seas and the Indian Ocean).

Ptolemy, adhering to a defensive foreign policy, has secured Egypt against external enemies and expanded it by means of directly controlled foreign possessions and hegemonic administrations.

He has not, however, neglected to devote attention to the internal organization of the country and to provide for a successor, in 290 making his third wife Berenice queen of Egypt.

The mostly coastal cities of Aetolia, a district of Greece that lies north of the Gulf of Corinth and is bordered on the east by Mount Oxya and on the west by the Achelous River, had formed the Aetolian League in the fourth century BCE.

Now a strong confederacy, the league, having successfully resisted invasions by Macedon in 322 and 314-311, has rapidly grown in strength during the ensuing period of Macedonian weakness, …

…expanding into Delphi (center of the Amphictyonic Council) and …

…allying with Boeotia in about 290 BCE; the Aetolian League will become a major opponent of Macedon and of the soon-to-be-reconstituted Achaean League.

The exhausted Samnites finally conclude a peace in 290 BCE with the Romans, who allow their valorous opponents to become Roman allies, not subjects, as civitas sine suffragio.

The Romans are now the dominant power in Italy.

Agathocles' reign as king in Sicily has been peaceful, allowing him to enrich Syracuse with many public buildings.

Dissension among his family about the succession, however, causes him in his will to restore liberty to the Syracusans, and his death in 289 is followed by a recrudescence of Carthaginian power in Sicily.

The unpopular Demetrius, after ruling for six years in Macedon, is in 288 ousted by Lysimachus in alliance with Pyrrhus, who has continually taken advantage of Demetrius’s occasional absence to ravage the defenseless part of his kingdom, taking Thessaly and the western half of Macedonia.

The Egyptian fleet participates decisively in the liberation of Athens from Macedonian occupation in the final coalition war between Alexander’s successors, in which Ptolemy, Seleucus, Lysimachus, and Pyrrhus oppose Demetrius.