The debt incurred by France during the…

Omai had traveled to Europe on Adventure, arriving at London in October 1774 where he had been introduced into British society by the naturalist Sir Joseph Banks (whom he had also met during Cook's first voyage).

During his two-year stay in England, Omai has become much admired within London high society.

Renowned for his charm, quick wit and exotic good looks, he had quickly become a favorite of the aristocratic elite.

Banks has regularly invited Omai to dine with the Royal Society and arranged meetings with notable celebrities of the time, including Lord Sandwich, Dr. Samuel Johnson, Frances Burney, and Anna Seward, among others.

Richard Holmes, a British author and academic best known for his biographical studies of major figures of British and French Romanticism, remarks that Omai's idiosyncratic behavior and distinctive bow were widely celebrated.

Indeed, during one famed meeting with King George III at Kew, Omai is said to have delivered his bow then grasped the King's hand, declaring, "How do, King Tosh!"

His portrait was painted by Sir Joshua Reynolds among others, and his journey to England and subsequent return to Tahiti with Cook on his third voyage in 1776 will become the subject of a theatrical production, written and directed by the dramatist John O'Keefe, entitled Omai – A Voyage ‘round the World that will be performed during the 1785 Christmas season at London’s Theatre Royal in Covent Garden.

Researchers establish in 1776 that the Chinese alloy pai-t'ung (now called nickel silver), is composed of copper, nickel, and zinc.

Timur Shah Durrani, who spends much of his reign in quelling the rebellions of the tribal chiefs, shifts his capital from Qandahar to Kabul in 1776 because of this opposition.

The Company openly distances itself from Raghunathrao and asks him to live as their pensioner, but due to the fear of the Baarbhai, Raghunathrao is unhappy to leave Surat and in fact the Company does not insist on it, so he kept on living there.

Later in 1776, Raghunathrao unsuccessfully tries to get help from the Portuguese.

After this he comes to Bombay.

During this period Company gives him fifteen thousand rupees.

The British Calcutta Council condemns the Treaty of Surat, sending Colonel Upton to Pune to annul it and make a new treaty with the regency.

The Treaty of Purandhar (March 1, 1776) annuls that of Surat, Raghunathrao is pensioned and his cause abandoned, but the revenues of Salsette and Broach districts are retained by the British.

The Bombay government rejects this new treaty and gives refuge to Raghunathrao.

The credit crisis of 1772 had greatly deteriorated debtor-creditor relations between the American colonies and Britain, especially in the South.

The southern colonies, which produce tobacco, rice, and indigo and export them to Britain, had been granted higher credit than the northern colonies, where competitive commodities are produced.

It is estimated that in 1776 the total amount of debt that British merchants claimed from the colonies equaled ￡2,958,390; southern colonies had claims of ￡2,482,763, nearly eighty-five per cent of the total amount.

Before the crisis, the commission system of trading had prevailed in the southern plantation colonies.

The merchants in London had helped the planters sell their crops and had shipped what planters wanted to purchase in London as returns.

The commission equaled the price of the British goods minus the revenue of the crops.

The planters were usually granted credit for twelve months without interest and at five per cent on the unpaid balance after the deadline.

After the outbreak of the crisis, British merchants urgently called for debt repayment, and American planters faced the serious problem of how to pay the debt for several reasons.

First, because of the economic boom before the crisis, planters were not prepared for large-scale debt liquidation.

As the credit system broke down, bills of exchange were rejected and almost all gold was sent to Britain.

Second, without the support of credit, planters were unable to continue producing and selling their goods.

Since the whole market became crippled, the fallen price of their goods also intensified the pressure on planters.

Owing to the crisis, the colonies have endured hard times to maintain the balance of payments.

Freemasons' Hall, the permanent headquarters of English Masonry, opens in London in 1776.

Adam Smith publishes his masterwork, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, in 1776.

His major thesis is that, save for such limited functions as defense, justice, and certain public works, the state should not interfere with the economic life of a nation.

He suggests that businessmen and merchants (in whom he places no trust to do anything other than conspire together against the public or raise prices) are guided “as if by an invisible hand” to promote the well-being of society.

An exponent of free trade, he champions competition and sees monopoly, private or state-imposed, as a great evil.

By some readings, Smith is seen as blessing the expansion of Britain's opium trade and nourishing British policy to maintain the American colonies as backward producers of raw materials and consumers of finished goods.

The Continental Army forces the British to evacuate Boston in March 1776, with George Washington as the commander of the new army.

The revolutionaries are now in full control of all thirteen colonies and are ready to declare independence.

There still are many Loyalists, but they are no longer in control anywhere by July 1776, and all of the Royal officials have fled.

Congress calls on all the states in May 1776 to write constitutions and eliminate the last remnants of royal rule.

By June, nine colonies are ready for independence; one by one, the last four fall into line—Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, and New York.

Richard Henry Lee is instructed by the Virginia legislature to propose independence, and he does so on June 7.

A committee is created on June 11 to draft a document explaining the justifications for separation from Britain.

After securing enough votes for passage, independence is voted for on July 2.

The Declaration of Independence is drafted largely by Thomas Jefferson and presented by the committee; it is slightly revised and unanimously adopted by the entire Congress on July 4, marking the formation of a new sovereign nation that calls itself the United States of America.

The Second Continental Congress approves a new constitution, the "Articles of Confederation," for ratification by the states on November 15, 1777, and immediately begins operating under their terms.

The Articles will be formally ratified on March 1, 1781.

At that point, the Continental Congress will be dissolved and a new government of the United States in Congress Assembled will take its place on the following day, with Samuel Huntington as presiding officer.