The Engraving Copyright Act 1734 (8 Geo.2…

The haidamakas, also haidamaky or haidamaks (singular haidamaka, Ukrainian: Haidamaky, from Turkish haydamak, "to pursue"), are paramilitary bands in eighteenth-century Ukraine.

The haidamak movement is formed mostly of local Cossacks and peasantry (kozaky and holota), against the Polish nobility in right-bank Ukraine, though the movement is not limited to the right bank only.

The equivalent to haidamaka is opryshok in Ukrainian Galicia, and hajduk in the Balkans.

Hajduk is also used in the Polish language.

Unrest against the nobility and the Catholics lead to the haidamaka rebellions (haidamachchyna), the first of which takes place in 1734 during the war for control of the Polish Kingdom after the death of Frederick Augustus II.

Russian troops, brought to remove King Stanisław I (Leszczyński), are initially seen as liberators from Poles and an insurrection develops in Kiev, spreading to Podolia and Volhynia.

After Augustus III gains the throne, the insurrection is defeated by Russian military.

Small raids by haidamakas against Polish nobility will continue in the following years.

Ayuba Suleiman Diallo, captured and sold into slavery in 1732, is an extremely rare exception in the slave trade.

Due to his intelligence and monetary prowess, and Englishmen's desire to use him to increase their own profits in trade on the coast of Africa, he has been able to legally escape the hardships of slavery in Maryland and return to Gambia in July 1734 and later return to his homeland.

His homeland has been ravaged by war, but being a prosperous individual, Ayuba is able to regain his old lifestyle.

His memoirs are published by Bluett in English and French.

Freemasonry is introduced to the Netherlands in 1734.

Lettres philosophiques or Letters Concerning the English Nation, a series of essays written by Voltaire between 1726 and 1729 based on his experiences living in England (from 1707 a constituent nation part Great Britain), had been published first in English in 1733 and in the following year in French.

Seen as an attack on the French system of government, it is rapidly suppressed.

Copies are burned, and a warrant is issued for the author's arrest.

Most modern English language versions are based on a translation of the French text rather than Voltaire's English one.

Voltaire's attitude toward English institutions is generally favorable, but it is by no means as one-sided as generally supposed: he finds plenty of things in England to satirize, including the House of Commons and the moral stringency of the Presbyterians.

Charles-Joseph Natoire's father Florent Natoire, a sculptor, had given him his fundamental training in drawing, then sent him to Paris in 1717 to complete his training, first in the atelier of Louis Galloche (1670–1761), peintre du Roi and professor at the Académie royale de peinture et de sculpture, and then in the atelier of François Lemoyne, whose training had shaped Natoire's style.

He obtained the Prix de Rome in 1721 with a Sacrifice of Manoah to obtain a son.

On June 30, 1723 he had been appointed a pensionnaire at the French Academy in Rome, at the time lodged in the Palazzo Mancini, where he arrived in October.

During his stay, he executed a copy of Pietro da Cortona's Rape of the Sabine Women.

He won a first prize in December 1725 from the Accademia di San Luca with a Moses Returning from Sinai.

He painted for the French ambassador, the prince de Polignac, an Expulsion of the Money-Changers from the Temple in 1728.

Returning to Paris via Venice in the early part of 1729, Natoire had on September 30, 1730, been received into the Académie royale de peinture et de sculpture.

His reputation quickly established, he has received major commissions.

From 1731, he has provided several suites of canvasses for Philibert Orry, contrôleur général des finances, who is to succeed the duc d'Antin as general director of the Bâtiments du Roi in 1736.

For Orry's Château de La Chapelle-Godefroy at Saint-Aubin (Aube), Natoire provides a series of nine canvasses of Histories of the Gods, six more of the History of Clovis, six of a History of Telemachus and four Seasons.

During the same period, in 1732 he had provided three overdoors on Old Testament subjects for the duc d'Antin in Paris.

Natoire submits on June 1734 to an Exposition de la Jeunesse in place Dauphine a Galatea.

In the same year, his first royal commission arrives, for the Chambre de la Reine at Versailles.

He is made a full member of the Académie on December 31 with a Venus Commanding from Vulcan the Arms of Aeneas.

Henceforth, numerous royal commissions will come his way for the petits appartements at the Château de Fontainebleau, for the Cabinet du Roi and the royal dining-room at Versailles, decorations for Marly, for the Cabinet des Médailles in the royal library in Paris, and others.

William Adam has turned his father's building firm in Kirkcaldy into Scotland's largest construction and contracting enterprise of the time.

Adam uses a wide variety of sources for his designs, often reminiscent of Continental Baroque, as well as Gibbs and Vanbrugh.

The best known of his early works is the extension of Hopetoun House in 1721.

Adam had in 1728 become Clerk and Storekeeper of the King's Works in Scotland, and from 1730 Mason to the Board of Ordnance in North Britain.

George Berkeley is appointed Bishop of Cloyne in Ireland in 1734, a position he is to hold until his death.

In this year, Berkeley publishes The Analyst, subtitled "A DISCOURSE Addressed to an Infidel MATHEMATICIAN. WHEREIN It is examined whether the Object, Principles, and Inferences of the modern Analysis are more distinctly conceived, or more evidently deduced, than Religious Mysteries and Points of Faith".

The mathematician in question is believed to have been either Edmond Halley, or Isaac Newton himself—though if to the latter, then the discourse was posthumously addressed, as Newton had died in 1727.

An empiricist critique of the foundations of infinitesimal calculus, influential in the development of mathematics, The Analyst represents a direct attack on the foundations and principles of Infinitesimal calculus and, in particular, the notion of fluxion or infinitesimal change, which Newton and Leibniz had used to develop the calculus.

Berkeley coins the phrase “Ghosts of departed quantities”, familiar to students of calculus.

He regards his criticism of calculus as part of his broader campaign against the religious implications of Newtonian mechanics—as a defense of traditional Christianity against deism, which tends to distance God from His worshipers.

Spain and Great Britain in the 1730s dispute control over the border between Georgia and La Florida, where the Spanish have several settlements and forts.

Oglethorpe seeks to increase his southern defenses, given a heightened threat of Spanish invasion.

Accompanied by rangers and two Native American guides, he picks St. Simons Island as the site for a new town and fort.

Oglethorpe in 1734, persuades Parliament and the colonial trustees to pay for a new military garrison.

He recruits a company of British settlers to migrate with their families to live at Darien, at the mouth of the Altamaha River.

Salzburgers, Lutherans who had been expelled by the Roman Catholic Bishop of Salzburg, Austria, in October 1731, had set sail on January 8, 1734, for the British Colony of Georgia, in America, and arrive at the mouth of the Savannah River on March 12.

Benjamin Franklin, initiated into the local Masonic Lodge in 1731, becomes Grand Master in 1734, indicating his rapid rise to prominence in Pennsylvania.

This same year, he edits and publishes the first Masonic book in the Americas, a reprint of James Anderson's Constitutions of the Free-Masons.

Franklin will remain a Freemason for the rest of his life.