The Sumerians develop cuneiform writing, becoming the…

Hamilton has chosen "Publius" as the pseudonym under which the series will be written.

Publius Valerius was not a late defender of the republic but one of its founders.

His more famous name, Publicola, meant 'friend of the people.'

It was not the first time Hamilton had used this pseudonym: in 1778, he had applied it to three letters attacking fellow Federalist Samuel Chase.

Chase's patriotism was questioned when Hamilton revealed that Chase had taken advantage of knowledge gained in Congress to try to dominate the flour market.

The Democratic-Republican-controlled United States Senate begins an impeachment trial against Federalist-partisan Supreme Court of the United States Justice Samuel Chase, on charges of political bias, on November 30, 1804. (He will be acquitted by the United States Senate of all charges on March 1, 1805).

Justice Samuel Chase is acquitted of impeachment charges, by the United States Senate, on March 1, 1804.

He is the only U.S. Supreme Court justice to have been impeached.

Judge Alexander Pope Humphrey records in the Virginia Law Register an account of the impeachment trial and acquittal of Chase.

The impeachment had raised constitutional questions over the nature of the judiciary and is the end of a series of efforts to define the appropriate extent of judicial independence under the Constitution.

It sets the limits of the impeachment power, fixes the concept that the judiciary is prohibited from engaging in partisan politics, defines the role of the judge in a criminal jury trial, and clarifies judicial independence.

The construction is largely attitudinal as it modifies political norms without codifying new legal doctrines.

The acquittal of Chase—by lopsided margins on several counts—sets an unofficial precedent that many historians will say helps ensure the independence of the judiciary.