The troubled Haitian republic has experienced additional…

The troubled Haitian republic has experienced additional insurrections in 1874 and 1876.

The gap continues to develop between the small urban elite, who are mostly light-skinned and French-speaking, and the vast majority of black, Creole-speaking peasants.

Social services and communication are almost nonexistent in the countryside, while Port-au-Prince remains the hub of culture, business, and political intrigue.

The debt to France is finally repaid in 1879, and Michel Domingue's government peacefully transfers power to Lysius Salomon, one of Haiti's abler leaders.

Monetary reform and a cultural renaissance ensue with a flowering of Haitian art.