This period in Colombia, according to one…

This period in Colombia, according to one estimate, witnesses forty administrations of the Panamanian department, fifty riots and rebellions, five attempted secessions, and thirteen interventions by the United States, acting under the provisions of the Bidlack-Mallarino Treaty.

Partisan clashes and foreign intervention exacerbate racial antagonisms and economic problems and intensify grievances against the central government of Colombia.