The trading companies of both Britain and…

Sugar production in the Batavia area had suffered greatly after the 1740 massacre, as many of the Chinese who had run the industry had been killed or are missing.

It had begun to recover after the new governor-general, van Imhoff, "colonized" Tangerang.

He initially intended for men to come from the Netherlands and work the land; he considered those already settled in the Indies to be lazy.

However, he was unable to attract new settlers because of high taxes and thus sold the land to those already in Batavia.

As he had expected, the new land-owners were unwilling to "soil their hands", and quickly rented out the land to ethnic Chinese.

Production had risen steadily after this, but will take until the 1760s to reach pre-1740 levels, after which it will again diminish. 

The number of mills has also declined: in 1710 there had been one hundred and thirty-one, but by 1750 the number has fallen to sixty-six.

The Dutch secure the island of Java in 1750 and begin to expand their control over Indonesia, by which time the Dutch are shipping more than one hundred tons of opium annually to Indonesia.

More than sixty percent of the population of Batavia in the eighteenth century, are enslaved workers for the VOC; they mostly do the housework.

Working and living conditions are generally reasonable, and there are laws that protect them against an overly cruel action from their masters.

Christian slaves are given freedom after the death of their master.

Some enslaved people are allowed to own a store and make money to free themselves.

Enslaved people sometimes flee and establish gangs roaming the area, creating an unsafe environment around Batavia.

Valckenier had asked to be replaced late in 1740, and in February 1741 had received a reply instructing him to appoint van Imhoff as his successor; an alternative account indicates that the Lords XVII informed him that he was to be replaced by van Imhoff as punishment for exporting too much sugar and too little coffee in 1739 and thus causing large financial losses.

By the time Valckenier received the reply, van Imhoff was already on his way back to the Netherlands.

Valckenier had left the Indies on November 6, 1741, after appointing a temporary successor, Johannes Thedens.

Taking command of a fleet, Valckenier had headed for the Netherlands.

On January 25, 1742, he arrived in Cape Town but was detained, and investigated by governor Hendrik Swellengrebel by order of the Lords XVII.

In August 1742 Valckenier had been sent back to Batavia, where he was imprisoned in Fort Batavia and, three months later, tried on several charges, including his involvement in the massacre.

In March 1744 he is convicted and condemned to death, and all his belongings are confiscated.

Valckenier's trial is reopened in December 1744 when he gives a lengthy statement to defend himself.

Valckenier asks for more evidence from the Netherlands, but will die in his prison cell on June 20, 1751, before the investigation is completed.

The death penalty will be rescinded posthumously in 1755.

Vermeulen will characterize the investigation as unfair and fuelled by popular outrage in the Netherlands, and arguably this will be officially recognized because in 1760 Valckenier's son, Adriaan Isaäk Valckenier, will receive reparations totalling seven hundred and twenty-five thousand gulden.

Cakraningrat IV, the ruler of Madura, wishing to free the eastern coast of Java from Mataram influence, had had stopped paying tribute to the VOC in 1744.

The Dutch, after a failed attempt to negotiate, had attacked Madura in 1745 and ousted Cakraningrat, who is banished to the Cape in 1746.

Mataram, having lost much of its lands by the middle of the eighteenth century, by 1743 consisted only of areas around Surakarta, Yogyakarta, Kedu and Bagelen.

Mataram's ruler, Pakubuwana II, had moved his court to Surakarta in 1745, but he is far from secure on his throne.

Raden Mas Said, Pangeran Sambernyawa (meaning "Soul Reaper"), son of banished Arya Mangkunegara, and several other princes of the royal blood still foment rebellion.

Pakubuwana II declares that anyone who can suppress the rebellion in Sukawati, areas around present day Sragen, will be rewarded with three thousand households.

Pangeran Mangkubumi, Pakuwana II’s brother, takes the challenge and defeated Mas Said in 1746, but when he claims his prize, his old enemy, patih Pringgalaya, advises the king against it.

In the middle of this problem, VOC’s Governor General, Baron van Imhoff, pays a visit to the kraton, the first one to do so during the entire history of relations between Mataram and VOC, to confirm the de facto Dutch possession of coastal and several interior regions.

Pakubuwana II hesitantly accepts the cession in lieu of twenty thousand real per year.

Mangkubumi is dissatisfied with his brother’s decision to yield to van Imhoff’s insistence, which has been made without consulting the other members of royal family and great nobles.

Van Imhoff has neither the  experience nor the tact to understand the delicate situation in Mataram and he rebukes Mangkubumi as “too ambitious” before the whole court when Mangkubumi claims the three thousand households.

This shameful treatment from a foreigner who had wrested the most prosperous lands of Mataram from his weak brother leads him to leadhis followers into rebellion in May 1746, this time with the help of Mas Said.

Pakubuwana, having fallen ill in the middle of the Mangkubumi rebellion, calls upon his trusted Dutch friend, one van Hohendorff of the VOC, who had saved his life in 1742 during the fall of Kartasura, the former Mataramese capital.

He now asks Hohendorff to assume control over the kingdom.

Hohendorff is naturally surprised and refuses, thinking that he would be made king of Mataram, but when the king insists on it, he asks his sick friend to confirm it in writing.

On December 11, 1749, Pakubuwana II signs an agreement in which the "sovereignty" of Mataram is given to VOC.

Four days later, Hohendorff announces the accession of Pakubuwana II’s son as the new king of Mataram with the title Pakubuwana III.

However, three days earlier, Mangkubumi in his stronghold in Yogyakarta had also announced his accession with the title Mangkubumi, with Mas Said as his patih.

The Dutch ship more than one hundred tons of opium annually to Indonesia by 1750.

Mangkubumi's rebellion grows stronger daily and in 1753 even the Crown Prince of Surakarta had joined the rebels.

The VOC decided that it did have not the military capability to suppress this rebellion, though in 1752, Mas Said had broken away from Hamengkubuwana.

All parties were tired of war by 1754 and ready to negotiate.

The kingdom of Mataram is divided in 1755 under an agreement signed in Giyanti between the Dutch under the Governor General Nicolaas Hartingh and rebellious prince Mangkubumi.

The treaty divides nominal control over central Java between Surakarta, under Pakubuwana, and ...

...Yogyakarta Sultanate, under Mangkubumi.